• Strategy21
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• s.31
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• pp.5-26
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• 2013

The South Korean society has experienced many changes since the sinking of ROKS Cheonan. The government reviewed its defense posture and adopted the 5·24 Measure in its relations with North Korea. As a result, the people of South Korea became more conscious of security situations on the Korean peninsula while North Korea's economy suffered badly. Meanwhile, the South Korean government has taken a flexible stance toward North Korea in terms of exchange and cooperation since September 2011. The flexible stance was to manage inter-Korea relations in a stable manner and relieve the hardships of the North Korean people while preserving the spirits and purposes of the 5·24 Measure. The UN Security Council adopted twenty-six resolutions and statements on North Korea since June 25, 1950. They include thirteen U.N. Security Council resolutions including those concerning nuclear weapons or missile programs, nine Presidential statements, and four press statements. Resolution 82, the first U.N. resolution on North Korea, came when the Korean War broke out. Resolution 825, the first one related to nuclear or missile programs, was adopted in response to North Korea's withdrawal from the NPT. Apart from these U.N. resolutions, the United States has imposed separate sanctions against North Korea. North Korea's nuclear weapons program can be considered in comparison with that of Iran in terms of the consequences they create for the regional security. The Security Council has adopted six resolutions on Iran so far. One should note that the resolutions on Iran have had much stronger sanctions compared to those imposed on North Korea. That is, while the North Korea case may be viewed as a more serious threat to international security from the perspective of nuclear weapons development or proliferation, tougher sanctions have been placed on Iran. There are two approaches that South Korea should take in addressing the related issues. First, we should aim to reduce the gap between sanctions imposed on Iran and North Korea. It is difficult to understand that a country with more serious problems is rewarded with lighter sanctions. We should take measures through the Security Council Sanctions Committee to make individuals and groups in North Korea that play a central role in developing nuclear weapons and missiles subject to additional sanctions. Second, we have to change. Other countries in the international community have become tired of North Korea's nuclear issue and now they look to South Korea for initiative. We should correctly understand this current situation and play a leading role within our capacity. Knowingly and unknowingly, the notion that the North Korean nuclear issue may be left to South Korea has been spread around the international community. Although the situation is grave, we should try to open a new horizon in ushering in the unification era by taking the initiative with confidence that there is a looming hope ahead of us. For these tasks, we should stop thinking in the old way that has been ossified for the last two decades. We should not be pushed around by neighboring great powers in dealing with North Korea related issues anymore; we should take the initiative with resolution that we will play our role at the center of four great powers and with confidence that we can do it. Based on the confidence that the Republic of Korea has become a country with enough capacity to take the initiative, we should establish a 'National Grand Strategy' representing South Korea's strategic vision that the unification is the ultimate solution to the problems related to North Korea's nuclear weapons program.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.441-456
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• 2010

While the Dong Hae was originally named for the point of the compass, it became a proper noun containing knowledge on the long history. The Dong Hae has played host to a number of historic events and cultural meanings and is a geographical space in the nature. This study examined the geographical cognition of ancestors about the Dong Hae among the historic and cultural meanings of Dong Hae and a variety of figurations described in literature. Intellectuals of the Joseon period identified the global geography on a higher level an recognized the geography and topography of the land in the structure that they identified. In this aspect, Mt. Baekdu, one of two mountains which dominated the world, ruled the geography of Liaodong field, the Korean peninsula and Japnn. Historical geographers mentioned the Dong Hac whenever discussing Mt. Baekdu and Baekdudaegan (Great Range) from long ago. Baekdudaegan and the Dong Hae are the complete symbol of national territory with great size, depth, height, width, dignity and magnanimity. The cultural figurations of the Dong Hae were classified into four categories. In Korean literature, the Dong Hae strengthened the spirits of those who lived in the Korean peninsula. Second, the Dong Hae was the basis to see through and deliberate the reasons of life and the world. Third, the view of the Dong Hae from Baekdudaegan changed the cognition about the land. Finally, the Dong Hae was where the hard life of people in the fishing villages occurred and a variety of customs and trades were dynamically deployed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.513-521
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• 2020

Launched in August, 2016, the online public benefit project ANT FOREST has planted more than one hundred million trees in desertification areas and is currently continuing on with its activities. It is a fruit of online communications network development, and the public benefit project based on this puts more emphasis on the spirits of public interest rather than the investments of public services, unlike traditional public benefit activities. Hence the purpose of this study is to figure out the interaction between the users supporting the online public benefit and the public benefit progress online. The study was divided into 4 stages in order to find out the interaction, key factors for users to continue to support online public interest. First, preceeding studies on online public benefit will be reviewed to understand the characteristics of online public benefit. Second, determine the public benefit nature of ANT FOREST and investigate the project progress. Third, review the usage rate of ANT FOREST and categorize the properties of users. Fourth, interview was conducted to direct the interaction between the online public benefit project and the user. In conclusion, the online public benefit project completes the public benefit process through the user, the operator, and the supporter, the important factor connecting the energy connecting the process in cyber space and the public benefit activity in reality is the sense of participation, and the user continues the public benefit project through this sense of participation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2009

This research is an introductory study that hopes to interpret the cultural scenic landscape by analyzing Korea's mountains, streams, topography, color, light, human behavior, and more based on real landscape paintings. It places its purpose on understanding our intrinsic cultural scenic landscape by investigating the changed topography and the differing life patterns caused bythe active national land development after the modern era. With Seoul, which is now difficult to find images of its past, and the surrounding areas of the Han riverbed, the interpretation related to its original topography, landscape, climate, weather, and human behaviors was observed while the main focus was placed on the climate of the perception held by people regarding Mt. Geumgang and other ranges which are not fully opened to the public yet. In order to comprehensively analyze the figures of features and appearing landscapes including color, light, and more, it was described through the concept called climate. Hereupon, the real landscape paintings by Gyunjae(Jeong-Seon), mainly bearing features of existing Korean mountains, wereutilized as visual historical material. However, not having all his works, other pieces with representative characteristics were utilized such as "Gyeong-Gyo-Myeong-Seung-Chup(a painting with picturesque sceneries around old Seoul)" and "Hae-Ak-Jeon-Shin-Chup(a landscape painting including even the spirits of the seas and mountains)" which contain the regions' distinct scenery. As a result, the old cultural scenic landscapes of Korea are regarded as containing diverse mountains and where the conceptions of the treatment of mountains were reflected.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.191-205
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• 2012

Due to a surplus of rice on the market, there has been a growing interest in developing better processed rice products, especially rice liquor or spirits which are popular and have a large market value. In this study, Takju was made with different varieties of rice and rice powder particle sizes, after which a taste survey was performed and measurements were taken on the characteristics of Takju including the temperature of the fermenting material, sugar content, alcohol content, acidity, amino acid types, colors, etc. The varieties of rice used in the study included Chucheong, Hiami and Anda. The temperature of the brew for each kind of Takju reached its highest point 48 hours after preparation. Differences among rice varieties were only apparent in the acidity and taste evaluations. The acidity was found to be highest with Anda, followed by Chuchoeng and Hiami. Chuchoeng had the highest taste evaluation scores. With regards to particle sizes, the alcohol content and acidity were found to be highest with coarse rice powder while ultra fine rice powder showed the highest fermenting temperature, sugar content, acidity, amino acid type, pH level, color and taste scores right after preparation. The results of this study suggest that among the kinds of Takju made from different rice varieties and particle sizes, the one made from Chucheong ultra fine rice powder is the most preferable over other variations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.36
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• pp.239-262
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• 1998

The pursuit of freedom by the individual--desire to be liberated from all forms of restrictions-- is one of the defining character-istic of the modern society. As costume is, in part, a product of the spirit of the times, it was only natural that this desire for freedom would find its expression in modern costume as well. Among various forms of restrictions, differentiaton by sex has placed one of the most significant binding influences on individual behavior. From early times, the dichotomous division by sex was incorporated into the disign of costume, and the traditional differestriction of costume by sex imposed a significant restriction on the background,“the modern androhynous look”was born as a by-product of the sexual liberation movement in the second half of the 20th century, based on the concept of the individual as a complete human being rather than as a member exclusively of either the male or the female sex. This paper seeks to examine the androgynous look within a coherent theoretical frame-work, and explore new design possibilities by analyzing and understanding the visual characteristics of the androgynous look. In addition, this paper seeks to define the functional aspects of the androgynous look based on the premise that costume is an embodiment of the spirit of the times. As for research methodology, both theoretical and historical methods are employed. Through a theoretical examination of historical documents, the meaning of the androgynous look is explored from various angles, and order to examine its place in modern fashion, an-drogynous styles are categorized and system atically analyzed. The main findings of the paper can be summarized as follows : 1. Androgyny is a compound word consisting of“andro-”(meaning man) and“gyn-”(meaning woman). In modern times, this word has been associated with the socio-cultural aspect of gender rather than the physical or physiological aspect with the pshchological characteristics of the male and female sexes. Androgynous styles also appear in fashion and general arts such as drama, film, dance, and music. In fashion, the androgynous look, represented by the visual superimposition of “masculine”and “faminine”elements, has emerged as a major element of the 20th-century costume, and has gained broad acceptance among those free spirits wishing to be liberated from the conventional conceptions of male clothing, and the unisex look. 3. The androgynous look in modern fashion reflects the spirit of the 20th century society and culture, and performs various functions as follows : expression of fun, change in gender roles, expression of the inner consciousness, and pursuit of the ideal human type.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the antifungal activity of 19 agro-materials that have been registered for organic cultivation in Korea, after inoculation of pear leaves with Venturia nashicola and Gymnosporangium asiaticum. In V. nashicola, most of the nine agro- materials containing sulfur and copper completely inhibited spore germination, and some of the spores that germinated did not form appressoria. However, in only lime sulfur, Neobordeaux (cupric sulfate), and Wheengaris (sulfur)showed antifungal activity against G. asiaticum. Among the agro-materials containing plant extracts, Wheengarujaba (wood vinegar+spirits+rhubarb) inhibited conidial germination in V. nashicola and G. asiaticum by 100% and 71.6%, respectively. Among the agro-materials containing antifungal microorganisms, Cheongotan (Streptomyces griseus) reduced spore germination rate of V. nashicola to 88.8%; moreover, formation of appressoria or intracellular accumulation was not observed. Application of Topsid (Paenibacillus polymyxa) reduced spore germination rates in V. nashicola and G. asiaticum to 71.0% and 90.6%, respectively, and the formation of appressoria was not observed. Studying the antifungal activity of agro-materials because of cumulative applications under the field conditions is necessary, owing to their contact fungicidal effect and the induced-resistance by microbial metabolites and natural compounds.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.145-167
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• 2000

Jiu Qi(九氣) was shown at Ju Tong Lun(擧痛論) in Shao Wen(素問) Huang Ti Nei Ching(黃帝內經), and is nine important factors that affect the function of human body. Jiu Qi concludes endogenous, exogenous, non-endo-exogenous factors. I do the bibliographical study on the Jiu Qi, the results were as follows; 1. The Qi of Jiu Qi has two opposite meanings. one is genuine vital energy(正氣), and the other is the factors causing abnormal state in vital energy. Jiu Qi is nine factors concluding coldness-heat(exogenous factors). six emotional factors(endogenous factor), overworking(non -endo-exogenous factor). 2. Anger may lead to abnormal rising of vital energy. Anger causes Qi of the liver to go perversely upward, and perverted flow of exuberant Qi of the liver lead to dysfunction of the spleen, so resulted in hematemesis, diarrhea, indigestion. 3. Joy can promote the harmony of vital energy and blood, so do the circulation of nutrient and defensive energy in physiological state. But an excessive joy may lead to the sluggishness of vital energy. 4. The lung keeps the pathway of air unconstructed, disseminates vital energy, cleanses the inspired air and keeps vital energy flowing downward. Sorrow affects on the function of the lung and the heart, so could result in obstruction of the circulation of nutrient and defensive energy. An excessive sorrow after stagnation may lead to the consumption of vital energy. 5. Fear makes vital energy and essence of the kidney sink to inward and downside, makes Yang-Qi can't go upward, so causes obstruction of triple wanner. An excessive fear can obstructs the ascending of Yang-Qi, so may lead to the abnormal falling of vital energy. 6. Coldness makes the sweat pore be contracted, so obstructs the circulation of triple warmer, causes sluggishness of defensive energy or Qi of the internal organ. 7. Heat makes the sweat pore be open, much amount of sweat is excreted with Yang-Qi, defensive energy, vital energy. Heat may consume vital energy. 8. Sudden fright affects on spirits of the heart and liver, causes disorder of the mental faculties and separation of blood and vital energy. Fright may lead to disorder of Qi. 9. Overwork concludes overfatigue and exhaustion caused by intemperance in sexual life. Overwork renders vital energy consumed, and hence results in lassitude and listlessness. 10. Thinking affects on the function of the heart and the spleen. Over thinking may lead to depression of vital energy. Through the bibliographical study on Jiu Qi, I got smallest amount of it, and this must be more investigated correlating with clinical study.

• Trans-
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• v.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2016

Arts have changed continuously reflecting the times with the political atmosphere and social systems. As political, economic, and social big changes have occurred since World War II, antihistorical tendencies rejecting modernism in the early 20th century have come to appear in culture and arts as well. With these social changes, radical, avant-garde and artistic tendencies with strong experimental spirits, which rejected modernism took place especially in American dancing world. Trends of improvised elements and experimental trials were dominated discovering expressions of new movements in intentions and expressions of works. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects on choreographic forms of modern dance until today by exploring choreographic characteristics of this postmodernism. To examine post-modernist inclinations in works, Trisha Brown who led American post-modern dance stressed dance for expressions of movements in themselves and pure movements by actively accepting into dance works American social flows which played a major role in postmodernism starting from 1960s. American modern dancers considered body in itself as important one and any emotional expressions and individual sensitivity is excluded as their physical expressions are factual, realistic, and due to their movements. They imprinted dance as valuable art by recreating ordinary behaviors into dance, using space excellently and forming experimental dance shapes. Therefore, it can be said that through analyzing brown's works, we proposed a new direction getting out of limits of arts and provided a direction of essential dance alt to movements of modern dance and choreographic shapes.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.48-58
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to analyze four separate elements-sublime beauty, elegant beauty, mysticism, ornament-which appeared in materials, patterns, colors, silhouettes, details, and accessories, laying stress on luxurious, brilliant, mysterious feelings on Gorgeous Images appeared as trend theme of modern fashion by mixing religious mysticism of the Byzantine Empire. Mysticism element is using the effect of splendid and gorgeous colors from the Orient rather than forms. And a philosophy of abundant colors in mosaics, which are seen in art forms such as architecture, paintings, etc., shows that it creates some visual rooms for religious spirits. Influenced by the fashion of the Greco-Roman style, the elegant beauty element is expressing abundant comfort and elegant feminine lines that are from creases, and it is also emphasizing natural beauty which seems to slip down by displaying the splendid images of Gorgeous as drapes that fit a body. Ornament element was reflecting an inspiration from the splendid and brilliant culture of religion in the Byzantine Age. Therefore, it was appeared as a style filling the whole with bulky silks, splendid ornamental materials embroidered in gold or silver thread, the complicated geometric patterns that are two-dimensional and dignified, and so on. It was decorated with crosses which represent Christianity as a motif, and also it emphasized the splendor of the Byzantine and dazzling splendid images of Gorgeous by using accessaries decorated with various jewels. The elements of sublime beauty are showing the beauty adding humble and majestic images to it as designs sought by spiritual values or intrinsic values. Those designs, so to speak, have pretense which does not allow to expose a body and plain pure feeling, so that they are showing some abstinent styles in a solemn atmosphere, with most details removed. We can say the Fashion Theme appearing in Modern Times is the result from representing by combining various factors of the times with formative beauty through creative works for aesthetic expression. The moderners are requiring new designs which is possible to meet their individualities, in addition to their outstanding fashion senses. From this point of view, a variety of textiles, patterns, and colors in the Byzantine have a great meaning to fulfill people's various desires as interesting elements.