• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.781-787
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• 2009

The sense and antisense digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes of four genes, Cdc25A, Cdc25B, Sox2 and Mnb, were produced by using SP6 and T7 RNA polymerases, respectively, and in vitro transcription. Expression patterns of the four genes were detected by in situ hybridization in HH (Hamburger and Hamilton) stage 10 chick embryos. In general, expression patterns of the four genes were similar. mRNA of the four genes was mostly restricted to the entire CNS (central nervous system). All were confined to an identical region, neural tube, neural groove and caudal neural plate, corresponding to the notochord or spinal cord, but there was some distinction in specific region or in concentration, for example in somites. The overlap in expression at the same developmental stage in the CNS suggests that the four genes may be functional similar or related in CNS development. Expression patterns of the four genes support specific roles of these regulators in the developing CNS.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.375-387
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• 2009

Objective : Gyehyuldeung (GHD) has been widely used in oriental medicine for the treatments of cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Thus, its potential facilitatory activity on axonal regeneration was investigated in the rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were given crush injury at the sciatic nerve and the changes of axon growth after nerve injury on each nerve injury model were investigated with anti-NF-200 antibody, DiI, GAP-43 protein and Cdc2 protein Results : GHD-mediated enhancement of axonal regeneration after crush injury was measured in both qualitative and quantitative ways by immunofluorescence staining with anti-NF-200 antibody and retrograde tracing of fluorescence dye DiI. GAP-43 protein levels were elevated by GHD treatments in the distal injured sciatic nerve and DRG sensory neurons. The neurite outgrowth of DRG sensory neurons was facilitated by GHD treatment when co-cultured with Schwann cells and astrocytes prepared from injured sciatic nerves and injured spinal cord tissues, respectively. It was observed that Cdc2 protein was up-regulated in co-cultured Schwann cells or astrocytes and Cdc2 protein signals were co-localized to a certain extent with those of phospho-vimentin protein. Conclusions : These results suggest that GHD may play a facilitatory role in axonal regeneration by acting on the injured axons and adjacent non-neuronal cells. The current findings may be useful for the development of therapeutic targets through more specific explorations on molecular interactions between herbal components and endogenous factors.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.90-100
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• 2017

Purpose: To Study the dosimetric advantage of the Jaw tracking technique in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for Head and Neck Cancers. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively selected 10 previously treated head and neck cancer patients stage (T1/T2, N1, M0) in this study. All the patients were planned for IMRT and VMAT with simultaneous integrated boost technique. IMRT and VMAT plans were performed with jaw tracking (JT) and with static jaw (SJ) technique by keeping the same constraints and priorities for a particular patient. Target conformity, dose to the critical structures and low dose volumes were recorded and analyzed for IMRT and VMAT plans with and without JT for all the patients. Results: The conformity index average of all patients followed by standard deviation (${\bar{x}}{\pm}{\sigma}_{\bar{x}}$) of the JT-IMRT, SJ-IMRT, JT-VMAT, and SJ-VMAT were $1.72{\pm}0.56$, $1.67{\pm}0.57$, $1.83{\pm}0.65$, and $1.85{\pm}0.64$, and homogeneity index were $0.059{\pm}0.05$, $0.064{\pm}0.05$, $0.064{\pm}0.04$, and $0.064{\pm}0.05$. JT-IMRT shows significant mean reduction in right parotid and left parotid shows of 7.64% (p < 0.001) and 7.45% (p < 0.001) compare to SJ-IMRT. JT-IMRT plans also shows considerable dose reduction to thyroid, inferior constrictors, spinal cord and brainstem compared to the SJ-IMRT plans. Conclusion: Significant dose reductions were observed for critical structure in the JT-IMRT compared to SJ-IMRT technique. In JT-VMAT plans dose reduction to the critical structure were not significant compared to the SJ-IMRT due to relatively lesser monitor units.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 1987

The ultimate goal of radiotherapy is to result in complete local control of tumor while sparing the surrounding normal tissues as much as possible. Since the development of CT in 1970s, patient's anatomical normal tissues and the site and extent of infiltration of tumor were identified almost accurately. In addition, the isodose distribution of delivered radiation to target tumor was shown in each cross-section. In the treatment planning of head and neck cancers, CT-reconstruction provided almost 3-dimensinonal inter-relationship between tumor and normal tissues. The utilization of imaging system of the CT scanner made it possible to illustrate in superposition the patient structure image, the radiation beams, and the isodose distributions. Thus it was possible to deliver radiation enough to control the local disease, and to avoid unnecessary administration of radiation to normal tissue such as spinal cord. CT-reconstructed image in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes suggested 3-dimensional radiotherapy treatment planning be possible and practical instead of conventional 2-dimensional planning at coronal plane.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2011

Substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons receive synaptic inputs from primary afferent $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers, where nociceptive information is integrated and modulated by numerous neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. A number of studies were dedicated to the molecular mechanism underlying the modulation of excitability or synaptic plasticity in SG neurons and revealed that second messengers, such as cAMP and cGMP, play an important role. Recently, cAMP and cGMP were shown to downregulate each other in heart muscle cells. However, involvement of the crosstalk between cAMP and cGMP in neurons is yet to be addressed. Therefore, we investigated whether interaction between cAMP and cGMP modulates synaptic plasticity in SG neurons using slice patchclamp recording from rats. Synaptic activity was measured by excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs) elicited by stimulation onto dorsal root entry zone. Application of 1 mM of 8-bromoadenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) or 8-bromoguanosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) for 15 minutes increased EPSCs, which were maintained for 30 minutes. However, simultaneous application of 8-BrcAMP and 8-Br-cGMP failed to increase EPSCs, which suggested antagonistic cross-talk between two second messengers. Application of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) that prevents degradation of cAMP and cGMP by blocking phosphodiesterase (PDE) increased EPSCs. Co-application of cAMP/cGMP along with IBMX induced additional increase in EPSCs. These results suggest that second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, might contribute to development of chronic pain through the mutual regulation of the signal transduction.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze research in the Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing and to suggest further perspective for rehabilitation nursing research. Method: In this study we reviewed the contents of 134 articles published in this journal from its beginning year 1998 to 2004. Results: The majority of subjects were adult patients. The type of disease were Cerebrovascular Accident, Neuromuscular disease, Cancer patients, Urogenital disease such as Chronic Renal Failure, Spinal cord injury. Domain of research almost was client, type of research were survey(34.3%), quasi experimental study(20.9%), correlation study(19.4%). Nursing intervention of experimental study was exercise(39.0%), education(17.1%). Place of data collection was hospital (58.2%), position of researcher was professor(67.2%), method of data collection was questionnaire(50.7%). Conclusion: There has been a lack of written consent, child rehabilitation, measurement tool development, qualitative research. More studies about rehabilitation nursing are needed to extend the role and fields for professional nursing.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.159-163
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• 2008

Paraplegia is a relatively rare complication of epidural anesthesia. Several possible factors may contribute to the development of paraplegia including arachnoiditis, trauma and ischemia. We experienced a case where paraplegia had developed after epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. So we present the case and consider the possible etiologies. A 30-year-old previously healthy woman was referred to our hospital for postpartum motor weakness of the lower limbs. Six days prior, the patient was admitted at a local obstetric clinic for delivery at 39 weeks gestation. The patient underwent a Cesarean section under epidural anesthesia induced with 20 ml 2% lidocaine and 5 ml 0.5% bupivacaine. In the early morning of the day following the Cesarean section, a motor and sensory deficit in both lower extremities was noted. A lumbar MRI showed diffuse enhancement along the cauda equina and spinal cord surface in the lower lumbar spine, suggesting diffuse arachnoiditis.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.447-463
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the histomorphological changes and the electrophoretic patterns of egg components, obtained from 100 of 2-year-old female catfishes (Silurus asotus). Female Korean catfishes collected in the vicinity of Chollabukdo have synchronous ovaries which discontinously ovulate eggs during the breeding season (from late May until early July). The fishes were killed by severing the spinal cord just posterior to the head after immobilization with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS 222). Especially, the light microscopic and ultrastructural changes of ooplasm and follicular membranes of oocytes, were examined by means of light and transmission electron microscopy. The size of the nucleoli and number of the yolk granules increased as the oocyte groved. Yolk granules were deposited in the oocyte as fluid Due to tile presence of large early and late maturing oocytes, their ovaries were enlarged, transparent, granular and greenish in color. As the percentages of fish in late maturing oocyte (LMO) and ripe oocyte (RO) stage increased from March to April, mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) values (19.95%) increased. Zona radiata changed from squamous into cuboid in shape in the early maturing oocyte (EMO) stage. Processes, microvilli, from the zona radiata and from the oocyte grow, and make contact with each other in the pore canals of the zona radiata during vitellogenesis, but are withdrawn as the zona radials becomes more compact and devoid of pore canals during oocyte maturation. Seasonal changes in the microscopic appearance of the ovaries were well correlated with those in both gonadosomatic index and macroscopic appearance. The main cytological changes such as increase in size of cell, nucleus, nucleolus, and increase in number of nucleoli and mitochondria demonstrated with electron microscopy in the previtellogenic oocytes of Korean catfish, provided evidences for important synthetic processes in an early preparatory phase of oocyte development. The electrophoretic pattern of major band in mature stage was much thicker (24 k, 66 k, 90-110k dalton) than that in previtellogenic phase.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.458-465
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to characterize canine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow (BM) for use in research on the applications of stem cells in canine models of development, physiology, and disease. BM was harvested antemortem by aspiration from the greater tubercle of the humerus of 30 normal beagle dogs. Canine BM-derived MSCs were isolated according to methods developed for other species and were characterized based on their morphology, growth traits, cell-surface antigen profiles, differentiation repertoire, immunocytochemistry results, and neurotrophic factor expression in vitro. The canine MSCs exhibited a fibroblast-like morphology with a polygonal or spindle-shaped appearance and long processes; further, their cell-surface antigen profiles were similar to those of their counterparts in other species such as rodents and humans. The canine MSCs could differentiate into osteocytes and neurons on incubation with appropriate induction media. RT-PCR analysis revealed that these cells expressed NGF, bFGF, SDF-1, and VEGF. This study demonstrated that isolating canine MSCs from BM, stem-cell technology can be applied to a large variety of organ dysfunctions caused by degenerative diseases and injuries in dogs. Furthermore, our results indicated that canine MSCs constitutively secrete endogenous factors that enhance neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Therefore, these cells are potentially useful for treating dogs affected with various neurodegenerative diseases and spinal-cord injuries.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.75-99
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• 2021

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze animal behavioral changes and related neurobiological mechanisms in recent studies using animal models with pain and depression. Methods : We conducted database search in Pubmed, NDSL, and EMBASE up to January 2021. Included studies were classified as depression-like behavior observed in pain model, pain-like behavior observed in depression model, and pain and depression comorbidity model. The results of pain- and depression-like behaviors, the changes of neurobiological mechanisms, and the treatment methods such as drugs, natural substance-derived chemicals, or acupuncture were analyzed. Results : We included 124 studies (81 studies in depression-like behavior observed in pain model, 19 studies in pain-like behavior observed in depression model, and 24 studies in pain and depression comorbidity model). Pain and depression comorbidity animal models were induced using various methods by drugs or surgery. Von frey test, a method for evaluating mechanical allodynia was the most commonly used for measuring pain-like behavior and the forced swimming test was the most commonly used for measuring depression-likes behavior. The changes of neurobiological factors, such as decrease of 5-hydroxytryptamine and increase of oxidative stress and pro-inflammation cytokines were generally changed in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and spinal cord in all types of models. For treating pain and depression-like behaviors, various types of drugs such as antidepressant, tranquilizer, analgesic, and natural substance-derived chemicals were used. Acupuncture treatment was used in 4 studies. Conclusions : In the future, more diverse studies on the combined model of pain and depression need to be conducted. In addition, it is necessary to establish a mechanistic basis for the development of various treatments by identifying the common mechanisms of pain and depression.