• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.39-61
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• 2008

목적 : 좌골신경 압좌손상으로 유발된 쥐의 모델을 이용하여 손상된 말초신경의 재생효과에 관한 침자극 효과를 세포분자학적, 조직학적 관점에서 연구하였다. 아울러 손상 좌골신경을 지배하는 척수신경근과 가까운 부위 경혈자극과 좌골신경이 지배하는 말초부위 경혈자극과의 침자극 효과를 비교 연구하였다. 방법 : 한쪽 좌골신경에 압좌손상을 유발 한 실험쥐들을 1주, 2주로 나눈 뒤 각각에 대해 격일로 1주군은 3회, 2주군은 6회의 침자극을 시행하였다. 손상 좌골신경의 재생효과를 비교실험하기 위해 정상군, 압좌손상만을 유발한 실험군, 침자극 군으로 나누었다. 침자극 군 중 한 군은 손상신경을 지배하는 척수신경근에 가장 가까운 2개의 화타협척혈(EX B2)에 자침(근위부 자극군)하였고, 다른 한 군은 말초부위에 위치한 족삼리혈(ST 36)과 위중혈(BL 40) 2곳에 자침(원위부 자극군)하였다. 실험 후 각각의 조직을 분리하여 Western blotting 혹은 Hoechst staining으로 Gap-43, Cdc2, Cdk2, Erk1/2 단백질을 분석 및 좌골신경의 각 세포수를 측정하였다. Retrograde tracing을 통해 L5의 DRG와 척수에서 말초신경 재생 효과를 관찰하였고, Immunofluorescence staining을 통해 신경돌기 가지의 신장 정도를 파악하였다. 결과 : 좌골신경 손상 7일된 실험쥐의 근위부와 원위부 침자극군에서 GAP-43와 Cdc2 단백질수준이 향상된 것으로 나타났다. Cdk2 단백질수준은 압좌손상 실험군에서 강하게 증가하였지만 침자극군과 비교해서 별다른 차이는 보이지 않았다. Phospho-Erk1/2 단백질수준은 침자극군에서 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 손상 7일과 14일 된 실험쥐의 손상 원위부에서 슈반세포 수가 증가하였으며 특히 근위부 침자극군에서 더욱 증가한 것으로 나타났다. Retrograde tracing을 이용한 검사 결과 침자극군에서 L5의 DRG와 척수의 염색 세포 수가 증가된 것으로 나타나 침자극이 축삭재생에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. L5의 DRG 감각신경의 신경돌기 가지 신장정도 및 GAP-43 단백질의 발현 정도를 측정한 결과 근위부 침자극군에서 효과적으로 GAP-43 단백질의 발현 및 신경돌기 가지가 신장된 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 실험결과 침치료가 손상 좌골신경의 재생에 효과적인 것으로 보여지며, 특히 손상된 좌골신경을 지배하는 척수신경근 주위 화타협척혈에 대한 침자극이 말초부위의 침자극에 비해 신경재생에 더욱 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine if Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture may be effective to the neuropathic pain(mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods : To produce the model of neuropathic pain, under isoflurane 2.5% anesthesia, L5 spinal nerve was ligated by 6-0 silk thread. After neurophathic surgery, the author examined if the animals exhibited the behavioral sign of allodynia. The allodynia was assessed by stimulating the medial malleolus with von frey filament and acetone. Three days after the neuropathic surgery, Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture was injected at Hwando($GB_{30}$) one time per two days for 2 weeks. After that, the author examined the withdrawal response of neuropathic rats' legs by von frey filament and acetone stimulation. And also the author examined c-Fos in the midbrain central gray of neuropathic rats and the change of WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT count in the blood of neuropathic rats. Results : The Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture injected Hwando($GB_{30}$) decreased the withdrawal response of mechanical allodynia that assessed with von frey filament in RA1-$GB_{30}$, RA2-$GB_{30}$ group as compared with control group. The Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture injected Hwando($GB_{30}$) decreased the withdrawal response of chemical allodynia(cold allodynia) that assessed with acetone in RA1-$GB_{30}$, RA2-$GB_{30}$ group as compared with control group. The Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture injected Hwando($GB_{30}$) showed the significant between control group and RA2-$GB_{30}$ group in the c-Fos expression. The Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture injected Hwando($GB_{30}$) did not show the significant between control group and RA1-$GB_{30}$ group, RA2-$GB_{30}$ group and RA3-$GB_{30}$ group in the WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT count. Conclusions : We have noticed that Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture at Hwando($GB_{30}$) decreased mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia in the model of neuropathic pain compared with the control group. C-fos expression in the central gray of that group was also decreased compared with the control group. This study can be used as a basic resource on a study and a treatment of pain.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.735-742
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• 2009

척추동물의 뼈는 hydroxylapatite [$Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$, HAp]로 이루어져 있어서 용액중에 존재하는 중금속이온들의 훌륭한 이온교환제로서 잘 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 하소시켜 얻은 소뼈, 돼지뼈, 생선뼈를 이용한 회분식 반응조에서의 구리이온의 제거성능을 조사하였으며 이러한 결과로부터 중금속이온을 제거하기 위한 흡착제로서의 재이용성을 평가하였다. 온도를 달리하여 하소시켜 얻은 세 종류의 뼈 시료들의 표면특성은 SEM, XRD 및 FT-IR 분석을 통하여 측정하였다. SEM 촬영결과 하소온도가 높아질수록 표면이 불규칙해졌으며 작은 기공이 발달하였다. XRD 분석에서는 하소 온도가 높아질수록 피크가 발달되는 경향을 보였는데 이와 같은 현상은 HAp가 열처리에 의해 무정형 형태에서 결정형으로 바뀌었음에 기인한 것으로 여겨진다. FT-IR 분석결과 하소온도가 높아질수록 흡착된 물과 골격 내 유기물의 흡수밴드의 강도는 점차 감소되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 구리이온 제거 결과 뼈를 넣지 않은 바탕실험에서는 15% 이하의 제거율을 보였는데 하소된 뼈를 사용한 경우에는 제거율이 부가적으로 40% 이상 상승하였다. 세 종류의 동물뼈 모두에서 하소온도를 높일수록 구리에 대한 제거율은 감소하였다. 용액의 pH가 상승할수록 양이온 교환 및 침전반응을 형성할 수 있는 유리한 조건에 의해 구리이온의 제거율이 상승하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to obtain the effective concentration of capsaicin to relieve pain with no change in the number of C-fibers and its effective duration for pain relief. Capsaicin has been used extremely as a experimental tool and as topical medications for acute or chronic tissue injuries and partial nerve injury is the main cause of causalgiform pain disorders in humans. Here, the left sciatic nerve was ligated unilaterally at the high level of the thigh to prepare an animal model of this pain condition. The rat developed guarding behavior of the ipsilateral hind paw within a few hours after the operation and this behavior was maintained for several months thereafter, suggesting the possibility of spontaneous pain. These animals were divided into two groups(4-week & 8-week) and each group was subdivided into five groups by different concentration (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 & 2.0%). Each capsaicin concentration was treated locally on the spinal cord-side of the ligated nerve and the foot withdrawal latency was measured. Thereafter, the dorsal roots of L5 were removed from both sides immediately after in tracardial perfusion for the counting of C-fibers by the histological procedure. There were no significant differences in the foot-withdrawal latency and the number of C-fibers between the left side treated with 0.05% capsaicin and the right side treated with the vehicle. However, latencies of the left sides treated with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% capsaicin increased significantly throughout 4-6 weeks with almost no change in the number of C-fibers, and the latencies showed the trends to approach slowly to those of the conditions after operation. The latency of subgroup treated with 2.0% increased by approximate 10% more than that of the right side throughout 8 weeks, and the number of C-fibers decreased by about 30% or more These results suggest that the elevated latency with capsaicin(0.1-1.0%) treatment is due to the inhibition of impulse transmission throughout the primary afferent fiber and the data from 2.0% are due to partial destruction of C-fibers. Therefore, capsaicin concentrations from 0.1% to 1.0% are probably very effective for the treatment of causalgiform pain with almost no destruction of C-fibers.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.5-15
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• 1980

The first recorded trypanosomiasis epidemic in Uganda took place at the beginning of this century in the islands and in a strip along the northern shores of Lake Victoria, which resulted in deaths of 1/3 million people. The disease was partly controlled by early 1930's and continued to occur sporadically in certain localized foci. The disease has however flared up in an explosive outbreak in Busoga district along Lake Victoria since 1977. The incidence of disease in northern district adjacent to Southern Sudan is also increasing lately. This paper describes the three month observation on the surveillance and control activities in the epidemic areas and of various health units including the Vector Control Division, the Tsetse fly Control Division, Tororo Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, medical units in Busoga, and Acholi districts. Data analysis and review were made of disease information so far collected by various health units in the Ministry of Health and district health offices. The findings may be summarized in the following: 1) A total of 12, 100 patients and 38 deaths: have occured in Busoga district since 1977 onward, and over 100 cases of diseases arc occuring in the Northern region bordering Southern Sudan. 2) the distribution of trypanosomiasis is characterized with two district patterns. The disease caused by Trypanosoma rhodesiense occurs in Busoga and is transmitted by Glossina palpalis, G. fuscipes infested in the islands and in the northern shore of forests of Lake Victoria. Another type caused by Trypanosoma gambiense occurs in Madi and Acholi in the north and is transmitted by Glossina morsitans in Savannah. 3) The house survey in Rusoga indicated that most of patients keep domestic animals in their house premises, and are engaging in either farming or fishing. Practically all the patients remembered that they had been bitten by tsetse in the field. 4) The routine diagnostic methods in the hospital laboratory is carried out through the microscopic examination of trypanosome with Giemsa stain of blood and cerebro-spinal fluid, The measurement of ESR and IgM has been used by Tororo Tryponosomiasis Research Institute for field screening.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

A rainbow trout uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) cDNA clone, encoding a 310 amino acid protein, was cloned and sequenced from a liver cDNA library. Two different splice variants designated UCP3-vl and UCP3-v2, were identified through liver cDNA library screening using rainbow trout UCP3 cDNA clone as a probe. UCP3-vl has 3 insertions in the UCP3 cDNA: the first insertion (133 bp), the second (141 bp), and the third (370 bp) were located 126 bp, 334 bp and 532 bp downstream from the start codon, respectively. UCP3-v2 contained a single insertion, identical in sequence and location to the second insertion of UCP3-vl. UCP3, a mitochondrial protein, functions to modulate the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. UCP3 has been detected from heart, testis, spinal cord, eye, retina, colon, muscle, brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue in mammalian animals. Human and rodent UCP3s are highly expressed in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue, while they show weak expression of UCP3 in heart and white adipose tissue. In contrast to mammalian studies, RT-PCR and Southern blot analysis of the rainbow trout demonstrated that UCP3 is strongly expressed in liver and heart. UCP3, UCP3-vl, and UCP3-v2 all contain an Ava III short interspersed element (SINE), located in the 3'untraslated region (UTR). PCR using primers from the Ava III SINE and the UCP3 3'UTR region indicates that the UCP3 cDNA is structurally conserved among salmonids and that these primers may be useful for salmonid species genotyping.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 말의 열충격 단백질 유전자의 특성을 구명하고 말의 각 조직과 운동 전과 후 혈액에서 열충격 단백질 유전자의 발현량을 분석함에 있다. 이전의 연구를 통해, 대표적인 경주마인 더러브렛의 혈액과 골격근에서 운동 전, 후 RNA-sequencing을 통해 차등발현유전자 분석을 실시하고, 본 연구를 위해 운동 전과 후에 차등 발현된 유전자 중, 열충격 단백질 유전자(HspH1, Hsp90${\alpha}$, Hsp70)를 선택하였다. 세 개의 열충격 단백질 유전자는 각각의 혈액이나 근육에서 운동 전에 비해 후에 발현이 증가된 것으로 확인됐다. 본 연구팀은 선정된 유전자에 대한 검증과 분석을 위해, 말의 조직별 RT-PCR 분석과 운동시간별 백혈구에서 real time qPCR 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 말의 각 조직(갑상선, 결장, 골격근, 맹장, 신장, 심장, 척수, 폐)에서 세 개의 열충격 단백질 유전자 mRNA가 모두 존재함을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 말의 운동 시간 별 혈액에서 mRNA를 추출하여 열충격 단백질의 운동 시간에 따른 발현 양상 분석을 실시한 결과, 운동 전에 비해 운동 120분 후 열충격 단백질 유전자의 발현량이 증가함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 인간과 다른 동물 실험의 결과와 일치하며, 열충격 단백질 유전자 전사 조절기작이 종간에 보존이 되어왔음을 시사한다. 또한, 운동에 따른 열충격 단백질 유전자의 발현 양상과 운동 수행 및 회복 기작간의 상관관계에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요함을 제안하는 바이다.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경농학회 2009년도 정기총회 및 국제심포지엄
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• pp.273-282
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• 2009

The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) disease group are fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting a wide range of hosts. The group includes kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, scrapie in sheep and goats and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. The exact nature of the infectious agent involved in the transmission of these diseases remains controversial. However, a central event in their pathogenesis is the accumulation in infected tissues of an abnormal form of a host-encoded protein, the prion protein (PrP). Whereas the normal cellular protein is fully sensitive to protease ($PrP^{sen}$), the disease-associated prion protein ($PrP^d$) is only partly degraded ($PrP^{res}$), its amino-terminal end being removed. BSE was first reported in the mid-80s in the UK. Ten years later, a new form of human prion disease, variant CJD (vCJD) developed in the wake of the BSE epidemic, and there is now strong scientific evidence that vCJD was initiated by the exposure of humans to BSE-infected tissues, thus indicating a zoonotic disease. However, the ban on the feeding of animal-derived proteins to ruminants, and the apparent lack of vertical transmission of BSE, have led to a decline in the incidence of the disease within cattle herd and therefore, an assumed decreased risk for human contacting vCJD. The origin of the original case(s) of BSE still remains an enigma even though three hypotheses have been raised. Hypotheses are i) sheep- or goat-derived scrapie-infected tissues included in meat and bone meal fed to cattle, ii) a previously undetected sporadic or genetic bovine TSE contaminating cattle feed or iii) originating from a human TSE through animal feed contaminated with human remains. A host cellular membrane protein ($PrP^C$), which is abundant in central nervous system tissue, appear to be conformationally altered in the diseased host into a prion protein ($PrP^{Sc}$). This $PrP^{Sc}$ is detergent insoluble and partially protease-resistant ($PrP^{res}$). The term $PrP^{res}$ is normally used to describe the protein detected after protease treatment, in techniques such as Western immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay using fresh/frozen tissue. Immunohistochemistry may performed with formalin-fixed tissues. Also, clinical signs of the BSE are one of the major diagnostic indicators. Recently, atypical forms (known as H- and L-type) of BSE have appeared in several European countries, Japan, Canada and the United States. An unusual case was also reported in a miniature zebu. The atypical BSE fall into two groups based on the relative molecular mass (Mm) of the unglycosylated $PrP^{res}$ band relative to that of classical BSE, one of the higher Mm (H-type) and the other lower (L-type). Both types have been detected worldwide as rare cases in older animals, at a low prevalence consistent with the possibility of sporadic forms of prion diseases in cattle. This raises the unwelcome possibility that vCJD could increase in the human population. Now, active surveillance program against BSE is going on in Korea. In regional veterinary service lab, ELISA is applied to screen the BSE in slaughter and confirmatory tests by Western immunoblotting and immunohistochemisty are carried out if there are positive or suspect in the screening test. Also, the ruminant feed ban is rigorously enforced. Removal of specified risk materials such as brain and spinal cord from cattle is mandatory process at slaughter to prevent the infected material from entering the human food chain.