• 한국재료학회지
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.458-464
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• 2021

Tungsten disulfide (WS₂), a typical 2D layerd structure, has received much attention as a pseudocapacitive material because of its high theoretical specific capacity and excellent ion diffusion kinetics. However, WS₂ has critical limits such as poor long-term cycling stability owing to its large volume expansion during cycling and low electrical conductivity. Therefore, to increase the high-rate performance and cycling stability for pseudocapacitors, well-dispersed WS₂ nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanofibers (WS₂-CNFs), including mesopores and S-doping, are prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and sulfurizaiton. These unique nanocomposite electrodes exhibit a high specific capacity (159.6 F g^-1 at 10 mV s^-1), excellent high-rate performance (81.3 F g^-1 at 300 mV s^-1), and long-term cycling stability (55.9 % after 1,000 cycles at 100 mV s^-1). The increased specific capacity is attributed to well-dispersed WS₂ nanoparticles embedded in CNFs that the enlarge active area; the increased high-rate performance is contributed by reduced ion diffusion pathway due to mesoporous CNFs and improved electrical conductivity due to S-doped CNFs; the long-term cycling stability is attributed to the CNFs matrix including WS₂ nanoparticles, which effectively prevent large volume expansion.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2016

Purpose - Recently, the management conditions of small independent retailers are getting worse everyday as large-scale marts and franchised convenience stores are increasing. The objective of this research is to find out the antecedents and consequences of cooperation in voluntary chain in order to enhance small independent retailer's competitiveness. Voluntary chains, also called affiliation or symbol groups, or allied group represent a high market shared in some European countries like Italy, France, and Germany. Nevertheless, there are still limitations in this research from academic fields. Drawing from network theory, the author investigates the relationship between antecedent factors in voluntary chain cooperation, such as participation benefits, justice of compensation, and autonomy in voluntary chain, and relationship specific asset. The author also attempts to examine the relationship between the relationship specific asset and cooperation of voluntary chain member shop and cooperation and consequence factors of voluntary chain cooperation, such as efficiency, group cohesiveness, and long-term relationship. Research design, data, and methodology - The author presented conceptual framework integrating the major antecedents and consequences of voluntary chain cooperation. The data were collected from 174 independent small retailers who joined K-voluntary chain. K-voluntary chain consists of small independent retailers. In accordance with their status, each entrepreneur associated with the voluntary group can own one or more outlets and can be a part of the life and the decision-making process of the group. This participation is not based on company turnover or on the number of outlets, but based on a one member, one vote system. To verify the research model and test hypotheses, the author carefully investigated the reliability, content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the proposed model. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS structural equation modeling program. Results - The results of this study are as follows. First, as antecedent variables, participation benefits and justice of compensation have positive effect on the relationship specific assets of voluntary chain members. Second, voluntary chain members' relationship specific asset also directly related to the level of its cooperation to chain headquarter. Third, cooperation of voluntary chain member shop facilitates efficiency, group cohesiveness, and long-term relationship. Unexpectedly, there are no effect autonomy in voluntary chain to relationship specific asset. Conclusions - This research shows several theoretical and practical implications to both marketing scholars and marketers. In terms of theoretical implications, this study applies to network theory and network theory variables to explain the antecedent and consequence factors of cooperation in voluntary chain. From the point of view from business management, most of all, this study shows the way how to reinforce competitiveness of voluntary chain. Specifically, it is necessary for voluntary chain headquarter to give higher level of participation benefit and justice of compensation to its members. Second, the results also indicate what the consequence factors of cooperation in voluntary chain. In other words, to increase the level of marketing efficiency, group cohesiveness, long-term orientation in retail voluntary chain, and chain headquarter need to facilitate participants' cooperation.

• 정보관리학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.100-116
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• 1991

본 연구에서는 지식베이스의 용어간 관계와 증거추론이론을 이용한 정보검색 시스템을 설계하였다. 실험을 위한 문헌파일은 한국전자통신연구소의 통신분야 기술문서를 대상으로 작성하였으며, 지식베이스는 INSPEC 시소러스의 통신분야 용어 및 용어간 관계들을 발췌하여 구성하였다. 그리고 용어간의 관련성은 용어간 관계의 종류에 따라 수치로 표현하였으며, 이들 수치를 이용하여 뎀스터-셰이퍼 이론에 따라 질문과 문헌간의 관련성을 추론, 산출하였다. 실험결과 질문의 탐색어외에도 관련된 용어의 확장검색을 통하여 포괄적인 검색을 할 수 있었으며, 용어간 관계를 반영하여 질문과 문헌간의 관련성을 산출하고, 관련성 순위에 따라 검색결과를 제시할 수 있었다.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.90-101
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was aimed to describe older adults' experiences of living with urinary incontinence and using diapers for its management in long-term care facilities. Methods: Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with 22 participants in long-term care facilities. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Three themes and six categories were emerged. Participants navigated through those three categories as stages, including the initial stage of confronting the unacceptable reality, transitional stage of physical and emotional suffering, and adaptive stage of accepting the diaper usage as a part of life and hoping improvement. Six categories were feeling terrible with unavoidable use of diapers, being frustrated by nursing staff shortage and unsatisfactory care for urinary incontinence, physical discomfort from of wearing diapers and remaining unchanged, emotional difficulties due to using diapers, accepting and adapting to diaper usage as a part of life, hope for gender-specific quality care for urinary incontinence. Conclusion: The findings suggest that using diapers should not be mandatory to manage older adults' urinary incontinence in long-term care facilities. It is also critical to establish policies to address issues of nursing shortage and financial support for qualitative care to manage urinary incontinence in long-term care settings.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제15권3_4호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1994

There have been traditional approaches to model radio propagation path loss mechanism both theoretically ad empirically. Theoretical approach is simple to explain and effective in certain cases. Empirical approach accommodates the terrain configuration and distance between base station and mobile unit along the propagation path only. In other words, it does not accommodate natural terrain configuration over a specific area. In this paper, we propose a spatial prediction technique for the mobile radio propagation path loss accommodating complete natural terrain configuration over a specific area. Statistical uncertainty analysis is also considered.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.60-67
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• 2003

For risk or reliability assessment of ship structures against particular hazardous situations such as total loss or sinking due to hull girder collapse, the short-term based response analysis rather than the long-term response analysis is required to determine wave-induced bending moments when the ship encounters a storm of specific duration and with a specified small encounter probability. In the present study, the effects of operational condition and sea states on wave-induced bending moments of large merchant vessels are investigated. A series of the short-term response analyses for a hypothetical VLCC and a Capesize bulk carrier (CSBC) are carried out with varying operational condition and sea states which include ship speed, significant wave height and wave persistence time, using the linear-strip theory based program ABS/SHIPMOTION and the MIT sea-keeping tables. The computed results are also compared with the IACS design formula predictions. The results and insights developed from the present study are summarized.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.211-226
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• 2006

This paper discusses the definition of the term "domestic industry" in relation to the application of the safeguards provisions of the WTO through the judicial interpretation made by the WTO Appellate Body and panel. The requirements for the imposition of safeguards include a rapid increase in import quantity, the existence of serious injury or threat of serious injury to the domestic industry, and a causal relationship between the increase in imports and the industrial injury. The domestic industry refers to the producers that account for a considerable portion of the total national production, or the national producers who produce articles "like" or "directly competitive" with the specific imports. Chronically, there have been controversial disputes relating to the interpretation of the term "like" or "directly competitive". Reviewing the disputes relating to the term "domestic industry" in application of the safeguards provisions since the establishment of the WTO, the interpretation of the term "like" has been made imposing weight on the physical characteristics of the products. This interpretation is in contrast with that of the interpretation of the term "directly competitive" which has been interpreted with imposed weight on the commercial elasticity of substitution which can be measured by the final use or consumer's taste.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.512-518
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• 2020

Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in ischemic survivors who are suffering from motor, cognitive, and memory impairment. Previously, we have reported suppressing LPA₅ activity with its specific antagonist can attenuate acute brain injuries after ischemic stroke. However, it is unclear whether suppressing LPA₅ activity can also attenuate chronic brain injuries after ischemic stroke. Here, we explored whether effects of LPA₅ antagonist, TCLPA5, could persist a longer time after brain ischemic stroke using a mouse model challenged with tMCAO. TCLPA5 was administered to mice every day for 3 days, starting from the time immediately after reperfusion. TCLPA5 administration improved neurological function up to 21 days after tMCAO challenge. It also reduced brain tissue loss and cell apoptosis in mice at 21 days after tMCAO challenge. Such long-term neuroprotection of TCLPA5 was associated with enhanced neurogenesis and angiogenesis in post-ischemic brain, along with upregulated expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. Collectively, results of the current study indicates that suppressing LPA₅ activity can provide long-term neuroprotection to mice with brain ischemic stroke.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.239-250
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• 2022

This study examined the level of capital structure and its determinants of publicly traded companies in Malaysia before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The data for this study was examined using Python Programming Language and time-series financial data from 2,784 quarterly observations in 2019 and 2020. The maximum debt is larger before the COVID-19 period, according to the findings. During the COVID-19 period, short-term debts and total debts have both decreased slightly. However, long-term debts have increased marginally. As a result, this research demonstrates that the capital structure has changed slightly during the COVID-19 period. The findings imply that independent of the capital structure proxies, tangibility, liquidity, and business size had an impact on capital structure in both periods. It was found that profitability had a significant impact on total debts both before and after the COVID-19 crisis. While higher-profit enterprises appear to have lesser short-term debts before the COVID-19 periods, they are also more likely to have lower long-term debts during the COVID-19 periods. Even though growing companies tend to have higher short-term debts and thus total debts during those periods, longterm debts are unaffected by potential growth.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.54-68
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• 2009

프랜차이즈는 그 특성상 매뉴얼로 제공되는 명시적 지식만으로는 한계가 있다. 이를 암묵적 지식으로 보완해야 하는데, 암묵적 지식 전달의 효과적인 방법이라고 할 수 있는 관계 학습에 대해 프랜차이즈 본부와 가맹점 관계에서 이루어진 연구가 부재하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 프랜차이즈 형태로 운영되는 외식업 프랜차이즈 가맹점의 장기지향성, 전반적 만족, 그리고 재계약 의사에 관계 학습이 미치는 영향을 파악함으로써 프랜차이즈 본부와 가맹점간의 정보 공유와 활용을 통한 효율적인 시스템을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구의 실증분석 결과, 프랜차이즈 본부와 가맹점간의 관계 학습에서 정보 공유 해석이 프랜차이즈 본부와 가맹점의 전반적 만족과 장기지 향성 형성에 중요한 요인이라는 것을 밝혔다는 데에서 그 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 따라서 프랜차이즈 본부와 가맹점간의 관계 학습은 불확실한 시장 상황에서 경쟁 우위를 차지하기 위한 매우 중요한 요소로 볼 수 있다. 이런 점들로 볼 때, 관계 학습을 통한 가맹점의 전반적 만족과 장기지향성 형성을 위해서 프랜차이즈 본부는 가맹점과 고객의 정보를 공유하고 이를 활용할 수 있는 통합시스템을 구축하여야 한다. 그리고 이를 통해 고객이 원하는 가치가 무엇인지 파악해야만 치열한 경쟁 환경에서 살아남을 수 있다. 또한, 프랜차이즈 본부는 이를 바탕으로 가맹점과 공유할 수 있는 장기적인 경영 전략과 비전을 수립해야 한다.