• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.213-223
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of feeding various Lactobacillus on production performance, nutrients digestibility, intestinal microflora, and fecal $NH_{3}$ gas emission in laying hens. Three hundred and sixty ISA Brown layers, 21 weeks of age, were randomly allotted to nine treatments, with low replicates per treatment. Nine treatments consisted of Control(no Lactobacillus), Lactobacillus crispatus avibrol(LCB: KFCC-11195), Lactobaciilus reuteri avibro2(LRB: KFCC-11196), Lactobacillus crispatus avihenl(LCH: KFCC-11197), Lactobacillus vaginalis avihen2(LVH: KFCC-11198). Each Lactobacillus was added at two levels ($10^{4}$and $10^{7}$ cfu/g diets). Egg production, and egg weight were measured daily. A metabolism trial was conducted following the 12-week feeding trial, during which egg qualities, intestinal microflora and fecal $NH_{3}$ gas emission were examined. Egg production and daily egg mass improved significantly by the addition of various Lactobacillus(P<0.05), of which effect was more notable during the latter part of the feeding trial. But, no significant differences were found among Lactobacillus strains and between two levels of supplementation. Egg weight and feed intake showed no difference among all treatments. Feed conversion ratio of birds fed lactobacillus was significantly improved compared to that of the Control(P<0.05), but not different among lactobacillus treatments. Digestibility of crude protein, ether extract and crude ash improved significantly in lactobacillus treatments(P<0.05). However, there were not statistically different by adding levels and strains. Total counts of Lactobacillus spp. in ileum of layers fed Lactobacillus were significantly higher than that of the control, but no consistent trend was found in cecum. There were no significant differences in intestinal yeast and anaerobes counts among all treatments. The Lactobaciilus supplementation did not exert my effect on the eggshell quality and Haugh unit. Fecal $NH_{3}$ gas emission decreased significantly in Lactobacillus treatments, and showed no difference between the two supplementation levels. From the result of this study, it could be concluded that dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus, regardless of their species, Improves the laying performance and decreases the fecal ammonia gas emission. The proper level of supplementation appears to be $10^{4}$ cfu/g of diet.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.894-903
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• 2003

Protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury is crucial for successful transplantation of the lung. It has been known that nitric oxide has many favorable effects on the donor lungs but at the same time, has some potential side effects of cytotoxicity. In this regards, we investigated whether the administration of nitroglycerin could decrease ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated rat lung reperfusion model for the confirmation of the effect of nitroglycerin, a donor of nitric oxide, on lung transplantation. Material and Method: 35 Sprague-Dawley species male white rats were used for this experiment. For nitroglycerin group (n=18), nitroglycerin was administered intravenously followed by mixed in flushing solution for preservation. As a control group (n=17), we used the same amount of normal saline. To evaluate the effect of nitroglycerin on the lung, heart-lung block was obtained, weighed and stored in University of Wisconsin Solution at 1$0^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. In each group of the isolated lungs, reperfusion was carried out with Krebs-Hensleit-diluted human blood for 60 minutes. As parameters of the state of the isolated lung, peak inspiratory and pulmonary arterial pressures were continuously recorded. Oxygen and carbon dioxide tension of reperfusing blood were measured before and after 30, 60 minutes of reperfusion. After sixty minutes of reperfusion, protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was measured also for the evaluation of the degree of alveolar flooding. Lung myeloperoxidase activity was determined to verify the accumulation of neutrophils. Results: Although statistically significant differences were not noted in peak inspiratory and pulmonary arterial pressure between control and nitroglycerin group, latter group showed lowering tendency of pulmonary arterial pressure during the entire reperfusion period. Oxygen tension was higher (p<0.05) in nitroglycerin group compared with that of the control group, in contrast, there were no differences in carbon dioxide tension, protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and myeloperoxidase activity between the groups. In the examination of ultrastructural changes, nitroglycerin denoted the protective effect on the pulmonary architecture compared with that of control group. Conclusion: Collectively, on the bases of these experimental results, prior treatment of donor lung with nitroglycerin could result in better preservation of the lung. Consequently, these nitroglycerin preserved lungs are thought to be more suitable for successful transplantation of the lung.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.113-125
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• 2007

To know the differences in ionic compositions in rain and snow as well as snow influence on the chemical characteristics of winter precipitation, precipitation samples were collected by the wet-only automatic precipitation sample, in winter(November-February) in the Iksan located in the northwest of Chonbuk from 1995 to 2000. The samples were analyzed for concentrations of water-soluble ion species, in addition to pH and electrical conductivity. The mean pH of winter precipitation was 4.72. According to the type of winter precipitation, the mean pH of rain was 4.67 and lower than 5.05 in snow. The frequencies of pH below 5.0 in rain were about 73%, while those in snow were about 30%. Snow contained 3 times higher concentrations of sea salt ion components originated from seawater than did rain in winter, mainly $Cl^-,\;Na^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$. Neglecting sea salt ion components, $nss-SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ were important anions and $NH_4^+$ and $nss-Ca^{2+}$ were important cations in both of rain and snow. Concentrations of $nss-SO_4^{2-}$ was 1.3 times higher in rain than in snow, while those of $nss-Ca^{2+}$ and $NO_3^-$ were 1.5 and 1.3 times higher in snow, respectively. The mean equivalent concentration ratio of $nss-SO_4^{2-}/NO_3^-$ in winter precipitation were 2.4, which implied that the relative contribution of sulfuric and nitric acids to the precipitation acidity was 71% and 29%, respectively. The ratio in rain was 2.7 and higher than 1.5 in snow. These results suggest that the difference of $NO_3^-$ in rain and snow could be due to the more effective scavenging of $HNO_3$ vapor than particulate sulfate or nitrate by snow. The lower ratio in snow than rain is consistent with the measurement results of foreign other investigators and with scavenging theory of atmospheric aerosols. Although substantial $nss-SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ were observed in both of rain and snow, the corresponding presence of $NH_4^+,\;nss-Ca^{2+},\;nss-K^+$ suggested the significant neutralization of rain and snow. Differences in chemical composition of non-sea salt ions and neutralizing rapacity of $NH_4^+,\;nss-Ca^{2+}$, and $nss-K^+$ between rain and snow could explain the acidity difference of rain and snow. Snow affected that winter precipitation could be less acidic due to its higher neutralizing rapacity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.243-258
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• 1977

1 The coastal area between Youngdo and Jodo was a common coastal water not much different from other coastal waters before the construction of the breakwater between them. 2. The breakwater between the two islands shuts off the tidal currents and divides the area . into the two small isolated bays to create quite different environments. 3. To understand the differences between then, present study examined some environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, transparency, and major nutrients, phosphates, sillicates and nitrites and the phytoand zooplankton. The samplings were carried out monthly from March 1976 to February 1977 at 4 stations: 2 stations in each bay. 4. Some differences were observed in the environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and transparency between the two bays. 5. The distribution and occurence of nutrient salts of the two bays were distinctly different each other. Northern Bay had $138\%$ of nutrients in comparison with Southern Bay. 6. Phytoplankton in Northern Bay was about $200\%$ plentier than in Southern Bay. 7. Zooplankton in Southern Bay was about $180\%$ richer than in Northern Bay. 8. One of the pollution indicator species, Synedra ulna, was observed in Northern Bay and the occurence of Euglena sp. and ciliates were much higher in Northern Bay than in Southern Bay, but, in contrast, Sagitta sp. was more abundant in Southern Bay than in the other. 9. The areas of the two bays seem to be in its way to eutrophication especially in Northern Bay. 10. The two bays have been differentiated enough to identify each other.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.240-255
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• 2012

The objectives of this study were to investigate the levels of phytotoxicity of rice varieties to HPPD (4-hydroxy phenylpyruvate dioxygenase)-inhibiting herbicides known for their efficiency to control the sulfonylureas-resistant weed species：mestrione, benzobicyclone, and tefuryltrione. The twenty-six rice varieties (8-Japonica ${\times}$ Indica-type varieties and 18-Japonica-type varieties) were grown for 25 days on seedling trays and then transplanted to paddy rice fields followed by herbicide treatment i.e. standard and double doses of there respective herbicides at 5, 10, and 15 days after transplanting. Although mestrione, benzobicyclone and tefuryltrione are all HPPD-inhibiting herbicides, the phytotoxicity symptoms of the different rice varieties based on the timing of application and doses of the herbicides were significantly different. The Japonica ${\times}$ Indica-type varieties showed much more phytotoxicity symptoms than Japonica-type varieties in all applied herbicides. Increasing herbicidal doses of mesotrione, and an earlier application of and increasing herbicidal doses of benzobicyclon caused severe phytotoxicity symptoms. On the other hand, phytotoxicity due to tefuryltrione did not exhibit significant differences between rice varieties in either the timing of application or dose of the herbicide. Regardless of timing of application and dose of the herbicides, Hangangchalbyeo-1, Hyangmibyeo-1 and high-yield rice varieties such as Namcheonbyeo, Dasanbyeo, Areumbyeo, and Hanareumbyeo, which belong to the Japonica ${\times}$ Indica-type varieties, showed 5 to 8 levels of phytotoxicity symptoms including albinism, browning, detached leaf, and necrosis to mesotrione and benzobicyclon whereas only 1 to 3 levels of phytotoxicity symptoms (chlorosis, albinism, and browning) were seen with to tefuryltrione application. The Japonica-type varieties exhibited only slight phytotoxicity symptoms (1~2 levels) in conformity with the timing of application and doses of the herbicides. However, there were significant differences among the Japonica-type rice varieties, depending on the type of herbicide. Thirteen-Japonica type rice varieties were sensitive to benzobicyclone while 4-Japonica-type and 7-Japonica-type varieties showed phytotoxicity symptoms such as chlorosis and albinism with mestrione and tefuryltrione application, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that the combined-type herbicides including mestrione, benzobicyclone and tefuryltrione should be rejected in paddy fields where rice is grown for either human consumption (functional or processed rice) or livestock feed because of severe phytotoxicity symptoms on the various rice varieties seen regardless of the timing of application and doses of the herbicides.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2012

The study, published in the 2007 revised curriculum of Practical Arts and Technology and Home Economics textbook(16 species) of the 'human development and family members' area of learning content elements were analyzed. This analysis was conducted in order to evaluate that the 2007 revised curriculum of Practical Arts(Technology and Home Economics) has been made well Articulations. The criteria of Articulations is "Development of learning content, Repeating, Gaps, Reduction. Content criterias is 'human development and family' area. These include "human development, human relationships, marriage and family life, caring for family members and family welfare" of the four criteria and 14 content elements. The results of this analysis, the first content elements is "process of human development, characteristics of human development, family relationships, communication, dating and partner selection, the significance of marriage and family, understanding the basic concepts of family, family change and family problem solving". There was no content elements. content element is 'friendship'. content elements is 'Characteristics of human development', 'understanding of sex and pregnancy and childbirth'. Thus, in the new curriculum, a review of these Articulations are required. Especially, the 'friendship' and 'understanding of sex and pregnancy and childbirth' of the content element should be noted in the curriculum configuration because of content elements be Analyzed as or . Also 'values about marriage change' importance in the low fertility society is a big learning content elements need repeating. However, textbooks should reflect differences in the configuration will hakgyogeupgan. Meanwhile, 'changes in values about marriage' that it is necessary to deal with the repeatedly because of recentely society is The low fertility society, However, for this content element based on the differences between school level to appear the contents of textbooks, the textbook screening process will be provided with the correct guidance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1968

Dividing into six(6) experimental groups; Stock Diet(SD) Group, Rice Diet(RD) Group, Rice Diet supplemented with Barley(RD-BD) Group, Barley Diet(BD) Group, Rice Diet supplemented with Millet(RD-MD) Group, and Millet Diet(MD) Group, biochemical and nutritional effects of rice, barley, and millet on rats are studied. The grains used in this experiment are polished ones and purchased from market. Six(6) weaning male albino rats are housed into the individual cages in each group and fed with each experimental diet and water ad libitum for 21 weeks. The composition of the experimental diets are shown in Table 1. At the end of experiment, the appearences of rats are observed and the bloods are sampled by heart puncture method following ether anesthesia for determinations of serum protein and serum cholesterol. And the livers are sampled immediately right after heart after heart puncture for determinations of liver weight, liver nitrogen, liver fat, and liver glycogen. And also liver tissues are observed histologically. The result of growth experiment is shown in Table 2 and Figure 7. The results of blood analysis are shown in Table 3 and the results of liver analysis are shown in Table 4. And the histological observations of liver tissue are shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. According to the above results, it could be summarized as follows; 1) The normal appearences are observed at SD Group and BD Group. Alopecia is observed at RD, RD-­BD, RD-MD, and MD groups and the wet appearences of hair are observed at RD-MD and MD groups. The color of hair is changed to yellowish white at RD, RD-MD groups. The maximum growth inhibition, is observed at MD group and the growths of RD, RD-BD, BD, and RD-MD groups are significantly lower than that of SD group. The growth of RD group is lower than those of RD-BD and BD groups, though this difference is not significant. 2) At the blood analysis, the highest serum protein content is shown at SD group and the lowest serum protein is observed at MD group. The serum cholesterol contents are not significantly different among the six(6) experimental groups. 3) The highest liver weight is observed at SD group and the lowest weight is shown at MD group. However, oppositely the highest liver weight per 100 grams of body weight at MD group and the lowest liver weight per 100 grams of body weight at SD group are observed as shown in Table 6. 4) The differences of liver nitrogen contents of RD, RB-BD, BD, RD-MD, and MD Groups are not significant except SD group showing the highest content. 5) The significant highest content of liver fat is observed at RD group and the lowest content of liver fat is shown at SD group. And no significant differences in contents of liver glycogen are observed among the six(6) experimental groups. 6) No significant abnormal histological changes of liver tissue are observed at SD, RD-BD, and BD groups. However, the fat metamorphosis at peripheral zone of liver tissue is observed at RD Group and the some histological abnormal changes are observed at RD-MD and MD groups. According to the above summaries, the followings might be estimated and recommended; 1) The BD group shows histological normality of liver tissue, improvement of liver fat and liver nitrogen, normality of appearence, and better growth compared with RD Group. This could be indicated that barley is nutritionally and biochemically better than rice as the feeding diet on rat. And it might be considered that there might be the species speciality for nutritionary evaluation of food. 2) Recently, Marshall indicated that the high consumption of carbohydrate causes fatty liver and Kondo reported that the higher consumption of rice causes the more heart disease and the shorter life span. Considering these reports, the higher consumption of rice as a main dish in our country should be considered as an important national nutritional problem. And this might be improved by supplementing with barley or other grains to rice.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2008

Filtration rates and fecal production of freshwater bivalve, Unio douglasiae on two kinds of hibernal diatom communities were measured simultaneously in a laboratory. One community is the Han River (HAN), which dominated by Asterionella Formosa. Stephanodiscus hantzschii (ca. 98% of total phytoplankton). The other community is the Ilgam Lake (IL), which dominated by Synedra ulna, Scenedesmus sp. Microcystis aeruginosa (ca. 82%). The HAN water has higher concentrations of nutrient (TN and TP) and chlorophyll $\alpha$ (Chl-$\alpha$), lower turbidity and conductivity than the IL water. Water sampling for the feeding experiment was conducted in the same day (Jan 15, 2008) and similar time (AM 10:00 for HAN, AM 11:00 for IL). Mussels with the similar size ($0.0{\pm}0.5\;cm$) were collected from the Gunsan and Okgu district (Jeonbuk), and starved in a laboratory for 2 days before the experiment. The experiment comprised CON (no addition of mussel), LOW (addition of mussel at 0.3 indiv. $L^{-1}$), MID (1.0 indiv. $L^{-1}$) and HIGH (2.0 indiv. $L^{-1}$), respectively. With the increment of mussel density and time, the concentration of Chl-$\alpha$ in two diatom communities were clearly decreased; Chl-$\alpha$ of HAN gradually decreased after 1 hour of mussel treatment, while that of IL decreased as soon as mussel introduction. In 7 hours of treatment, the former was removed finally up to about 90% of control, while the later was remained as about 50%. Under the presence of mussel, total phytoplankton density was shifted as the similar patterns to that of Chl-$\alpha$ (r=0.705, P<0.0001), however, there showed the drastic differences following a species. Based on the concentration of Chl-$\alpha$, filtration rate of U. douglasiae averaged 0.266 $L\;g^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ (0.115 to 0.442) on HAN and $0.577\;L\;g^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ (0.146 to 1.428) on IL water, respectively. There were no differences in feces production among the mussel density in the HAH water (ANOVA, P>0.5), while in IL water, including lots of seston, the HIGH mussel produced the higher fecal materials, over one hundred times of LOW. These results suggest that freshwater bivalve Unio douglasiae have the alternative potential, as a filter-feeder of seston in turbid lake, and a biological controller of diatom bloom in cold stream.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1989

This pot experiments were conducted to find out the optimal fertilization ratios of the N:S:P anions and K:Ca:Mg cations of major nutrients in an orchardgrass/ladino clover mixed sward. The optimum ratios in equivalent basis were computed by the Homes systematic variations technique. The soil samples were collected from the newly reclaimed soils, which are located on colluvial hilly area with a good consideration for the hilly pasture development. The results were summarized as follows; 1, the optimum fertilization ratios of major nutrients for the high yields by the forage species in a mixed sward were obtained (Table 4 in detail); N:S:P = 3:l: 1 and K:Ca:Mg = 1:l: 1 for grass and grass plus legume, and N:S:P = 1:6:43 and K:Ca:Mg = 1: 3: 1 for legume in general. 2. The yield increases from the systematic variations in this mixed sward were laid in following order; N > P >S-group and K >Mg >Ca-group for grass and grass plus legume, and P >S >N-group and Ca >Mg > K-group for legume. Especially, the yields were greatly increased at the N-group for grass, and at the Pand Ca-groups for legume. 3. Soil pH-value was descreased at the Sgroup, and somewhat increased at the Ca- and Mg-groups. The content of available $P_2O_5$, CEC and base saturation were greatest with the Ca-group. 4. At the N-group, the N-contents were highest and the P-contents were lowest in grass and grass plus legume, which resulted in the highest Ca/P ratio of 2.15 among the anion groups. Whereas the highest Ca/P ratio of 9.20 in legume was obtained at the Ca-group. Legume showed in general higher Ca/P ratio and lower K/(Ca+Mg) ratio than these in grass. 5 . There were differences in the effects of systematic variations of major nutrients on the dry matter yields and the mineral yields. The optimum fertilization ratios of anions and cations for the high mineral yields were obtained (Table E), which showed differences comparing with the ratios for the high dry matter yields. The antagonis between the cations K and Mg was known from the point of mineral yields of mixed forages.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 1968

The Capacity of wood to absorb water is very important as the basis data for wood industry, particularly in preservatives impregnation, manufacturing of improved wood, selection of packing boards, etc. In this study differences in Water absorbing Capacity of wood by structual section, water soaking time were investigated. (1) The species used in this investigation were Larix olgensis Henry Var. Koreana Nakai and Juglans mandshurica Max., and dimension of these testing wood block was $30{\times}30{\times}100cm$; and these were soaked in fresh water of $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 8.5day and 0.5 day, before measurement. (2) The result showed that the water absorption by cross sections was greater than by either radial or tangential section and there were no differences between radial and tangential section. (3) The water absorption of Juglans mandshurica Max. which has the relatively low specific gravity was greater than Larix olgensis Henry Var. Koreana Nakai which has generally high specific gravity. (4) The result showed an increase in the absorbed water with increase in the length of soaking time. However the water absorption rate during the early period of soaking was very high and thereafter the rate decreased with passage of time. More than a half of the total water absorption was achieved during the first 2 days approximately. (5) The relationships between the length of the soaking-time and water absorption were found to be as follows : Larix olgensis Henry Var. Koreana Nakai Cross section : $y=111.1{\times}^{0.6516}$ radial section : $y=32.2{\times}^{0.5146}$ tangential section : $y=36.5{\times}^{0.5112}$ Juglans mandshurica Max. Cross section : $y=216.1{\times}^{0.5914}$ radial section : $y=27.9{\times}^{0.5832}$ tangential section : $y=50.9{\times}^{0.4769}$ Where : y is amount of water absorption ($mg/cm^2$) x is water-soaking time (days).