• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.573-583
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• 2001

A condition in which the covariances of Matheron's variogram estimators are expressed in a simple form is reviewed. An asymptotic property of the covariances of the variogram estimators is examined, and a sufficient condition that guaranties the finiteness of the asymptotic variance of the normalized variogram estimators is provided.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2005.02a
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• pp.170-177
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• 2005

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.40-45
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• 2000

Some engineering materials are often known to have considerable spatial variation in their resisting strength and other properties. The objective of this study is to investigate the averaging effect and the applicability of extremal statistic for the statistical size effect. In the present study, it is assumed that the material property is a stationary random process in space. The theoretical autocorrelation function of the material strength are discussed for several correlation lengths. And, in order to investigate the statistical size effect, the material properties was simulated by using the non-Gaussian random process method. The material properties were plotted on the Weibull probability papers. The main results are summarized as follows: The autocorrelation function of the material properties are almost independent of the averaging length. The variance decreases with increasing the averaging length. As correlation length is smaller, the slope is larger. And also, it was found that Weibull statistics based on the weakest-link model could not explain the spatial variation of material properties with respect to the size effect satisfactory.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.118-121
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• 2006

Variations in the extent and dispersal of river plume are important in the study of coastal environment. The objectives of this study are to examine relationship between satellite detected plume area and river discharge and to clarify the temporal and spatial dynamic of plume from Tokachi River, Hokaido, Japan. We used 1.1 km spatial resolution of SeaWiFS normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw) images from 1998 to 2002. Supervised maximum likelihood classification was implemented to define classes of surface water optical properties. Satellite observed plume area was correlated to the amount of river discharge from April to October. First mode (44% of variance) of EOF analysis shows the turbid plume distribution resulting from re-suspension by strong wind mixing along the coast during winter. This mode also shows plume distribution along-shelf direction in spring and late summer. Second mode (17% of variance) shows spring pattern across-shelf direction due to strong discharge of snow melting water.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 1985

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between spatial ability and sex-role orientation in children. For this purpose, 303 boys and 293 girls were selected randomly. Spatial ability was measured by Embedded Figures Test. Sex-Role orientation was measured by the Children's Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence, Helmreich & Stapp, 1975) which was translated into Korean. An item analysis was done. For the data analysis, a three-way analysis of variance and t-test were applied. The results of the present study showed that 1) spatial ability gradually improved between 10 and 14 years of age. 2) There were no significant differences between girls and boys in the performance on the spatial ability test. 3) Masculinity in girls was not significantly associated with high spatial ability. However, there was a tendency for the masculine girls in the direction of higher spatial scores than feminine girls and undifferentiated girls. 4) Femininity in boys was not significantly associated with high spatial ability. However, there was a tendency for the feminine boys in the direction of higher spatial scores than masculine boys and undifferentiated boys.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

Total sea surface temperature (SST) in a coupled GCM is diagnosed by separating the variability into signal variance and noise variance. The signal and the noise is calculated from multi-decadal simulations from the COLA anomaly coupled GCM and the interactive ensemble model by assuming both simulations have a similar signal variance. The interactive ensemble model is a new coupling strategy that is designed to increase signal to noise ratio by using an ensemble of atmospheric realizations coupled to a single ocean model. The procedure for separating the signal and the noise variability presented here does not rely on any ad hoc temporal or spatial filter. Based on these simulations, we find that the signal versus the noise of SST variability in the North Pacific is significantly different from that in the equatorial Pacific. The noise SST variability explains the majority of the total variability in the North Pacific, whereas the signal dominates in the deep tropics. It is also found that the spatial characteristics of the signal and the noise are also distinct in the North Pacific and equatorial Pacific.

• Atmosphere
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.475-483
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• 2008

The hourly precipitation data from 1973 to 2007 observed at 60 weather stations over Korea are used to characterize the diurnal and semidiurnal cycles of total precipitation amount, intensity and frequency and examine their spatial patterns and interannual variations. The results show that the diurnal cycle peaks in the morning (03-09LST) and the semidiurnal cycle peaks in the late afternoon (16-20LST). It is found that the spatial variations of the peak phase of diurnal or semidiurnal cycle relative to their corresponding seasonal mean cycle are considerably small (large) for total precipitation amount and intensity (frequency, respectively) in both winter and summer seasons. Also, the diurnal phase variations for individual years relative to the seasonal mean precipitation show the significant interannual variability with dominant periods of 2-5 years for all three elements of precipitation and the slightly decreasing trend in total precipitation amount and intensity. To compare the relative contributions of frequency and intensity to the diurnal and semidiurnal cycles (and their sum) of total precipitation amount, the percentage variance of each cycle of precipitation amount explained by frequency is estimated. The fractional variance accounted for by precipitation intensity is greater than that of frequency for these three cycles. All above analyses suggest that intensity plays a more important role than frequency in the diurnal variations of total precipitation amount.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.99-108
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• 2020

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of the confusion level in performing dual tasks using smartphones while walking in subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI). METHODS: Twenty subjects with CAI and 20 healthy subjects participated in the study. The spatial, temporal, spatial-temporal, and variability gait parameters were measured using GAITRite under four different conditions: general gait, web surfing during gait, texting during gait, and gaming during gait. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the interaction according to the group (2) and confusion level in dual-tasks (4). One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the changes within the group according to the confusion level in dual-tasks. The changes between groups were compared using an independent t-test. The statistical significance level was set to p = .05. RESULTS: Significant interactions in the temporal and spatial-temporal gait parameters were found between the dual-task conditions and the other groups (p < .05). Significant within-group differences in the spatial, temporal, and spatial-temporal gait parameters were found according to the confusion level in dual tasks (p < .05). Significant between-group differences were observed in the temporal and spatial-temporal gait parameters according to the confusion level in dual tasks (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The effect of the confusion level in dual tasks was greater in subjects with CAI than in healthy individuals. This study suggests that to prevent reinjury to the ankle, subjects with CAI should avoid dual tasks such as using smartphones while walking.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.47-55
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• 1994

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of specimen thickness on statistical properties of crack growth resistance. In this study, the resistance S$\delta$$_h$(x) to fatigue crack growth was treated as a spatial stochastic process. which varies randomly on the crack surface. The theoretical autocorrelation functions of the resistance to fatigue crack growth considering specimen thickness are discussed for several correlation lengths. The main results obtained are : (1) The theoretical autocorrelation functions of S$\delta$$_h$(x) are almost independent of specimen of specimen thickness except for the origin. (2) The variance increases with decreasing specimen thickness.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.11-13
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• 2013

Background: Esophagus cancer, the third most common gastrointestinal cancer overall, demonstrates high incidence in parts of Iran. The counties of Iran vary in size, shape and population size. The aim of this study was to account for spatial support with Area-to-Area (ATA) Poisson Kriging to increase precision of parameter estimates and yield correct variance and create maps of disease rates. Materials and Methods: This study involved application/ecology methodology, illustrated using esophagus cancer data recorded by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (in the Non-infectious Diseases Management Center) of Iran. The analysis focused on the 336 counties over the years 2003-2007. ATA was used for estimating the parameters of the map with SpaceStat and ArcGIS9.3 software for analysing the data and drawing maps. Results: Northern counties of Iran have high risk estimation. The ATA Poisson Kriging approach yielded variance increase in large sparsely populated counties. So, central counties had the most prediction variance. Conclusions: The ATAPoisson kriging approach is recommended for estimating parameters of disease mapping since this method accounts for spatial support and patterns in irregular spatial areas. The results demonstrate that the counties in provinces Ardebil, Mazandaran and Kordestan have higher risk than other counties.