• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.393-401
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• 2003

Objective: Pullulan derivatives (PD) can be used to make self-assembled hydrogel nanoparticles which are responsive to ionic strength. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of PD as a retaining carrier of radioisotope inside tumors. Materials and Methods: Four types of PD were evaluated which included pullulan acetate (PA), succinylated PA (SPA), PA-DTPA and SPA-DTPA conjugates. They were radiolabeled with Tc-99m. Labelling efficiencies were determined at 30 min, 1, 2, 4 and 12 hours after radiolabeling. CT-25 colon cancer cells were subcutaneously injected into Balb/c mice. After 2 weeks of subcutaneous injection, Tc-99m-labelled PD (Tc-99m-PD) were injected into the tumors. Whole body images of mice were obtained at 30 min, 1, 2, and 12 hr after intratumoral injection. All twenty mice were grouped into four groups by largest diameter; control A (largest diameter = 5 mm, n = 5), control B (largest diameter = 10 mm, n = 5), pullulan A (largest diameter = 5 mm, n = 5), pllulan B (largest diameter = 10 mm, n = 5). Dynamic images were obtained for 1 hour after intratumoral injection. Static images were obtained at 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr and 4 hr after intratumoral injection with Tc-99m pertechnetate and Tc-99m-PA. Target-to-background ratios and retention rates were calculated. Results: Labeling efficiencies of PA, SPA, PA-DTPA and SPA-DTPA were $94.5{\pm}5.9%,\;97.8{\pm}3.5%\;94.2{\pm}3.8%,\;and\;92.5{\pm}6.2%$, respectively (p>0.05). Percent retention rates (%RR) of PA and PA-DTPA were significantly higher than those of control, however, those of SP-DTPA and SPA became similar to control at 4 and 12 hr, respectively. %RR of pullulan A and pullulan B at 1, 4 and 8 hr is significantly higher than that of control (p < 0.05). However, %RR between pullulan A and pullulan B were similar. Conclusion: The lonic strength dependent PD-nanoparticles are retained in the tumor. No difference of %RR according to tumor size was noted. Therapeutic application of PD labelled with beta- or alpha- emitting radionuclides can be expected.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2007

Purpose : Suprapubic aspiration(SPA) has been considered the "gold standard" for obtaining urine in non-toilet trained infants. Ultrasound(US)-guided SPA improves the success rate of the procedure and reduces the complications. However, many physicians perceive SPA as invasive and prefer the use of urethral catheterization (Ucat). We compared the success rate, complications and accuracy of US-guided SPA and Ucat. Methods : 121 infants who visited Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital with suspected urinary tract infection(UTI) were investigated. For the first study, the study infants were randomly assigned to either the US-guided SPA(n=32) or Ucat(n=32) groups. The success rate and complications of both procedures were compared. For the second study, US-guided SPA and Ucat were performed simultaneously(n=57). The accuracy of urethral catheterization was subsequently analyzed. The criteria for success was defined as the collection of more than 0.5 mL of urine. UTI was diagnosed by the presence of uropathogens over 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. Results : The overall success rate of the US-guided SPA was 96.9%(71.9% in first attempts, 25.0% in second attempts) which was not significantly different compared to 96.9%(90.6% in first attempts, 6.3% in second attempts) in the Ucat(P>0.05) group. The aspirated urine volume was $7.4{\pm}3.7mL$ in the US-guided SPA group, which was not significantly different to $4.5{\pm}2.6mL$ in the Ucat(P>0.05) group. The accuracy of Ucat in comparison to the US guided SPA was low with sensitivity 59.5%, specificity 86.6%, false-positive rate 13.3% and false-negative rate 40.5%. Conclusion : US-guided SPA should be encouraged as the best method to collect the urine in non-toilet trained infants with UTI.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.24-37
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• 2005

This study was conducted to analyze the molecular epidemiological properties and to select the most efficient and reliable PCR method on 116 of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates from Korean cattle, black goat, pig, dog, chicken, mouse and also human clinical cases from hospital. The distribution patterns of SSG [species specific genes; coagulase (coa), protein A (spa), nuclease (nuc) and aroA (RsaI) gene] were analyzed by PCR method. Among the SSGs, the nuc-gene was found in all strains $(100\%)$ tested and followed by coa-gene $(87.9\%)$, spa-gene $(91.4\%)$ and aroA-gene $(26.7\%)$, in order. The genetic subtyping by RFLP method was performed on the coa [AluI] and aroA-gene [RsaI] PCR products. The mecA-gene PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques were chosen to detect and verify of MRSA strains. Only the human strains $(12.1\%)$ were detected the positive mecA-gene products (533 bp), which were divided into two specific bands [201 & 332 bp] by HhaI enzyme digestion. On coa-gene and spa-gene typing, coa-gene was typed with ten kinds of genotype and coa-3 type were determined as the most predominant genotype, while spa-gene was divided into eleven kinds of genotype and also spa-7 type were selected the most prevalent genotype based on their genetic variations. On the aroA and coa-gene subtyping by PCR-RFLP, aroA-gene products were discriminated with only seven types of genotype, while coa-gene products were further divided into an eleven genotype, respectively. In comparison of SID values of five PCR based typing methods, the coa-PCR-RFLP (SID0.894) was evaluated the most efficient and reliable tools and followed by coa-PCR (SID0.883) and aroA-PCR-RFLP (SID0.462), in order. In conclusion, we could determined that the coa-PCR-RFLP method was the most suitable genetic analysis tool for S. aureus and MRSA strains from domestic animals and humans.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.145-150
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• 2016

The Malaysian hotel industry is experiencing growth due to the increase of new hotels and hospitality-related service through inbound of business travelers and tourists to Malaysia. The influx of tourist is expected to increase and luxury hotels are beginning to be more popular. The interest of studying customer perception toward tourism facilities, especially in luxury hotels has also witnessed an increase. In this study, a qualitative approach on how customers perceive luxury hotels was conducted. This study covered customer satisfaction and service quality perceived by customers toward Sunway Resort Hotel and Spa. Ten individuals were involved in data collection, and data were analyzed thematically. Findings were themed based on positive and negative responses provided by both international and local customers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1998.05b
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• pp.725-729
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• 1998

방사성 동위원소를 이용한 체외진단 측정법으로 RIA가 가장 널리 쓰여져 왔으나, 결합분획과 유리분획의 분리과정에서 오는 번거로운 단점을 개선하기 힘들었다. 1979년 Hart와 Greenwald에 의해 소개된 섬광근접측정법(Scintillation Proximity Assay, SPA)을 이용하여 RIA의 단점을 극복하고자 하는 연구가 시작되었다 주로 사용되는 방사성동위원소로 $^3$H, $^{125}$/I이 추천되는 핵종이며, 이 중에서 $^{125}$/I을 이용한 hCG(human chorionic gonadotropin) 체외진단법으로서 SPA의 기초연구를 수행하였다. SPA bead와 방사능 크기에 따라 측정되는 자연계수치의 증가와 hCG 표준물질을 농도별로 희석하여 유의성을 가지고 있는지 확인하였고, hCG 농도가 높은 것으로 판명된 환자의 혈청을 측정하여 임상적용의 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.561-566
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• 2013

We propose an efficient exponentiation method which is resistant against some side channel attacks in $T_2(p)$, Torus-Based-Cryptosystem. It is more efficient than the general exponentiation method in $T_2(p)$ and is resistant against SPA by using that the difference of squaring and multiplication costs is negligible. Moreover, we can randomize a message in exponentiation step using the characteristic of quotient group which naturally protects against the first DPA.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.12 no.S1
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• pp.79-82
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• 2003

We present the investigation on P- and As-desorption process from the (001) InP surface in metal organic chemical vapor deposition using surface photoabsorption (SPA). The monochromatic SPA signal showed rapid initial increase to reach In-stabilized surface value after $PH_3$ was turned off, but in case of As-desorption, the signal showed clear existence of a metastable state after the $AsH_3$ was turned off. The SPA spectra at each stable surfaces were taken to confirm the interpretation. This result indicates that the As-desorption process should be understood as a two-step process, in contrast to P-desorption of one-step process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.334-346
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• 2014

Green marketing is efforts to achieve the environmental responsibility in all marketing activities. This study investigates the contribution of SPA fashion brands' green marketing activities to consumers' green behavior and the brands' growth as well as the natural environment. Green marketing activities are classified by product relevance and consumer participation. An online survey is conducted using scenarios developed according to the two (high/low product relevance) by two (high/low consumer participation) research design. Green consuming intention and brand attitude are compared by product relevance and consumer participation. The positive effects of product relevance and consumer participation on green consuming intention are found. The positive effects of consumer participation and the interaction effect of product relevance and consumer participation on brand attitude. Based on the results, this study suggests effective green marketing activities for fashion brands.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.1373-1384
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• 1999

This paper describes the design and implementation of MAX(Management and Administration of spaX). MAX is the system management tool for XPAX(Scalable Parallel Architecture computer based on X-bar network) developed by highly parallel computer IV project. System manager and users can perform system management job easily using MAX which has GUI(Graphical User Interface). MAX contains most of all functions of system management-related commands provided by operating system of SPAX and consists of 10 sub tools.

• IE interfaces
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2011

This study considers paging schemes that can page some cells or only one cell within the location area to reduce paging cost by using PAs (Paging Agents) and compares their performances by using a new analytic method. There are three ways of paging schemes using PAs; BSPA (Base Staton Paging Agent), 2SPA (2-Step Paging Agent), LAPA (Location Area Paging Agent). This study proposes exact performance of BSPA and 2SPA using a new analytic method based on Markov chain modeling to find the most efficient paging scheme. Numerical results for various circumstances are presented by using proposed analytic method to select a proper paging scheme in mobile communication networks.