• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.848-854
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• 2016

Cymbidium is one of perennial herbs belonging to the Orchidaceae and is known as a medicinal plant. However, its scientific data are insufficient. The purpose of this study is to extract from root and stem of Cymbidium, to investigate the biological effects of them. Cymbidium antibacterial effects of the extracts were performed by antibacterial test against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus saphrophyticus (S. saprophyticus), Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) and Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia). Antioxidant effects of the extracts were carried out by DPPH radical scavenging. Total phenolic contents were also determined. Moreover, Cell viability of extracts against MTT assay was cell viability against HepG2 cell and also measures Cholesterol adsorptivity of extracts. In this study, the extracts inhibited the growth of bacteria. Particularly Cymbidium root extracts by only ethanol extraction showed highest antimicrobial effect against S. aureus. The Cymbidium stem extracts by both ethanol extraction and sonication for 1 hour had higher antioxidant activites as well as total phenolic contents. Cell cytotoxicity showed higher than $50{\mu}g/mL$. Cholesterol adsorptivity showed lower than 20%. These results suggest that the Cymbidium might be a source of anti-bacterials and anti-oxidants.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.590-598
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• 2004

The preconcentration and determination of trace Cu(II) and Pb(II) on calcium alginate beads in aqueous solution were studied. A calcium alginate beads were prepared by adding an alginic acid to sample solution contained Ca(II). Some following conditions were optimized: the pH of sample solution, amount of alginic acid, and stirring time for effective adsorption; the type and concentration of acid, and sonication time in an ultrasonic vibrator for the perfect de-sorption. A sample solution was prepared with Cu(II) and Pb(II) in DI water. And Ca(II) and ethanol was added into the sample solution. The pH of the final sample solution was controlled with buffer solution. The alginic acid were dispersed in the sample solution by a magnetic stirrer. This mixture was stored in room temperature for 30 min to form a calcium alginate. After the beads were filtered and washed on a membrane filter, the analytes were redissolved from the beads by an ultrasonic vibration of 10 minutes in 1.0M $HNO_3$ solution. The effect of diverse ions on the adsorption of analytes were studied. This procedure was applied for the analysis of two real samples. The recoveries in spiked samples were $90.4{\sim}104.3%$ for analytes.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2010

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) which is utilized in thin film refractometry-based sensors has been concerned on measurement of physical, chemical and biological quantities because of its high sensitivity and label-free feature. In this paper, an application of SPR to detection of alcohol content in wine and liquor was investigated. The result showed that SPR sensor had high potential to evaluate alcohol content. Nevertheless, food industry may need SPR sensor with higher sensitivity. Herein, we introduced a nano-technique into fabrication of SPR chip to enhance SPR sensitivity. Using Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method, gold film with nano-structured surface was devised. In order to make a new SPR chip, firstly, a single layer of nano-scaled silica particles adhered to plain surface of gold film. Thereafter, gold was deposited on the template by an e-beam evaporator. Finally, the nano-structured surface with basin-like shape was obtained after removing the silica particles by sonication. In this study, two types of silica particles, or 130 nm and 300 nm, were used as template beads and sensitivity of the new SPR chip was tested with ethanol solution, respectively. Applying the new developed SPR sensor to a model food of alcoholic beverage, the sensitivity showed improvement of 95% over the conventional one.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.122-131
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• 2023

Persimmon peels are mostly discared as a by-product of dried persimmon manufacturing, but effective use is required as it contains various functional constituents. This study covers the preparation of carotenoid-enriched oil by ultrasound treatment of persimmon peel in soybean oil solvent, and the investigation of its physicochemical characteristics. Using the Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology, the optimal extraction conditions (temperature, 62℃; time, 32 min; and persimmon peel to oil ratio, 1:3.1) were determined based on the carotenoid concentration of the extract. The physicochemical characteristics of the extract obtained under optimal conditions and the untreated soybean oil (control) were compared. The total carotenoid content of the extract increased. The carotenoid-enriched soybean oils had a lighter color than the controls, but with high redness and yellowness values. The effect of sonication and a component of the persimmon peel on the oxidation and heating stability of soybean oil was weak. The viscosity and activation energy of carotenoid-enriched soybean oil were slightly higher than those of the control. Thus, it was possible to prepare yellow-red carotenoid-enriched soybean oil by applying ultrasonic-soybean oil solvent extraction to persimmon peel. The oil is expected to be useful as an additive as well as a substitute for general edible oils.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.479-484
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• 2004

Immunoinhibitory protein extracted from sonicated Treponema denticola have been shown to suppress cell cycle progression of human lymphocytes. To study in detail about the effect of this microorganism on the function of lymphocytes. we investigated the levels of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) production by T lymphocytes before and after the addition of $12.5{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ T. denticola sonicated extracts. In this study. levels of IL-2 and IL-4 produced from T cells pretreated with sonicated extracts were evaluated by using the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. In response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. T cell produced increased levels of IL-2 and IL-4. However. the expressions of both cytokines were significantly inhibited when PHA activated-T cells were pre-exposed to sonicated T. denticola extracts (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the T. denticola sonicated extracts induced-immunosuppression in Th1 and Th2 cell functions could be a part of the pathogenic mechanism of the endodontic failure associated with this microorganism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1492-1503
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• 2015

This study evaluated the combination effect of various freezing and thawing techniques on the quality and nutritional aspects of onions. Onions were frozen by natural air convection freezing (NCF), air blast freezing (ABF), and liquid nitrogen freezing (LNF). Onions were frozen for 76 min by NCF, 9 min by ABF, and 9 min by LNF. The freezing treatment was stopped when the core temperature reached $-12^{\circ}C$ for NCF and ABF, and $-120^{\circ}C$ for LNF. Frozen samples were thawed through natural air convection thawing, running water thawing, sonication thawing (ST), or microwave thawing. The quality and nutritional aspects of frozen-thawed onions were evaluated by measuring thawing loss, pH, texture, water content, color, and SEM image. ST was found to cause the least loss in onion sample among the tested thawing methods, whereas the freezing methods did not cause any significant loss. In our experiment, thawing is found to be a more critical technique when compared to that of freezing. There were no clear quantifications or trends of pH and water content among different freezing and thawing techniques. The highest total color difference (${\Delta}E$) was observed in the NCF sample. For morphological observation, ABF gave the smallest ice crystal size, as well as minimum cell collapse. Loss of vitamin C, free sugar, and organic acid content was lower in the ABF and ST sample, when compared to other trials. In our study, we found that combination of ABF and ST could preserve the quality and nutritional aspects of frozen-thawed onions better than other methods.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2016

Pexa-Vec (JX-594) is a specific cancer-targeted oncolytic and immunotherapeutic vaccinia virus. The purpose of this study was to develop methods to maximize the stability of Pexa-Vec. In short-term instability testing, viral activity was rapidly decreased both at 4℃ and at room temperature (RT), but it was completely restored after sonication followed by vortex. Long-term stability testing of Pexa-Vec in the following liquid formulations was performed: (A) 30 mM Tris/pH 7.6, (B) 30 mM Tris/pH 8.6, (C) 30 mM Tris/pH 7.6, 150 mM NaCl, 15% sucrose, (D) 30 mM Tris/pH 7.6, 15% sucrose, and (E) 30 mM Tris/pH 8.6, 15% sucrose. Viral activity decreased less than 2 log10 at 4℃, and RT was observed in 3 days in B, while viral activity was not decreased even after 4–8 weeks at 4℃ and at 1 week in RT in A, suggesting that neutral pH may be essential to maintain virus stability. The addition of 15% sucrose into A (D) significantly increased viral stability at −20℃, 4℃, or RT, and it was also observed at pH 8.6 (E). The addition of 150 mM NaCl into D (C) significantly increased viral stability in addition to the sucrose effect at 4℃ or RT. Accordingly, the viral activity in formulation C was maintained for 1.5 years at 4℃, and for 1-2 weeks in RT. In conclusion, we propose that formulation C can provide the most adequate condition for the proper storage of vaccinia oncolytic virus.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.160-169
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• 2009

Poly-$\gamma$-glutamic acid ($\gamma$-PGA) was mixed natural flora of Bacillus subtilis, contaminated from cooked soybeans. Also, it was performed to find out the antiallergic activity by using NC/Nga mice, in vitro. The $\gamma$-PGA (PGA-HM : PGA-high molecular weight), Molecular weight 300 kDa, was decomposed and made PGA-LM (PGA-low molecular weight) which has molecular weight below 30 kDa by sonication. Therefore, it was same result between PGA-HM and PGA-LM, and reported PGA-LM as basic result. We found that PGA-LM contains antiallergic efficacy that inhibit B cells and Th2 cells activation from isolated CD4+T cells in NC/Nga atopic dermatitis model mice, and not show a cytotoxicity in the hFCs. To investigate the effects of these PGA-LM in vitro, isolation of splenic B cell and CD4+ T cells in atopic dermatitis mice were used. To elucidate the role of PGA-LM in anti-CD40+ interleukin-4 (IL-4)-mediated B-cell activation, showed that the capacity of B cells to expression IL-$1\beta$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA down-regulated, and IL-10 mRNA up-regulation by PGA-LM treatment, but it had no effect on TGF-$\beta$ expression. In addition to CD4+IFN-$\gamma$+ and CD4+CD25+foxp3+, the functions of PGA-LM in the development of the CD4+CD25+foxp3+ and CD4+IFN-$\gamma$+cells, the phenotype and functions of PGA-LM induced CD4+CD25+foxp3+, and CD4+IFN-$\gamma$+cells in CD4+T cells. These results suggested that PGA-LM could change cytokine production and generate CD4+CD25+foxp3+ Tregs in NC/Nga mice, and may be effective for immunotherapy in patients with AD.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.428-434
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-hypertensive effect of Lactobacillus sp. isolated from Kimchi by examining its effects on renal angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, lipid components and blood pressure using the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) system. Most Lactobacillus sp. extracts (lysozyme, sonication and ethyl acetate extracts) showed higher capacities for the inhibition of ACE activity than those of cultured media. Particularly, LG 7, 8 and 42 of Lactobacillus sp. showed the strongest inhibitory activity among the Lactobacillus sp. extracts. The concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum were lower in the Lactobacillus sp. administration groups than in the control group, but these differences were not significant. The HDL-cholesterol concentrations of the LG 42 administration groups (IX, X) were significantly higher than that of the control group. At 4 weeks, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the LG 42 Lactobacillus sp. ($1{\times}10^9$ cfu/mL) group (XI) was about 27% lower than that of the control group (V). No adverse effects were observed on the liver and there was no difference in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values among groups. The results of this study suggest that long term consumption of LG 42 Lactobacillus sp. may be beneficial to the prevention of high blood pressure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 2009

Naphthalene is a volatile, hydrophobic, and possibly carcinogenic compound that is known to have a severe detrimental effect to aquatic ecosystem. Our research examined the effects of various operating conditions (temperature, pH, initial concentration, and frequency and type of ultrasound) on the sonochemical degradation of naphthalene and OH radical production. The MDL (Method detection limit) determined by LC/FLD (1200 series, Agilient) using C-18 reversed column is measured up to 0.01 ppm. Naphthalene vapor produced from ultrasound irradiation was detected under 0.05 ppm. Comparison of naphthalene sonodegradion efficiency tested under open and closed reactor cover fell within less than 1% of difference. Increasing the reaction temperature from $15^{\circ}C$ to $40^{\circ}C$ resulted in reduction of naphthalene degradation efficiency ($15^{\circ}C$: 95% ${\rightarrow}$ $40^{\circ}C$: 85%), and altering pH from 12 to 3 increased the effect (pH 12: 84% ${\rightarrow}$pH 3: 95.6%). Pseudo first-order constants ($k_1$) of sonodegradation of naphthalene decreased as initial concentration of naphthalene increased (2.5 ppm: $27.3{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-3}\;{\rightarrow}$ 10 ppm : $19.3{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-3}$). Degradation efficiency of 2.5 ppm of naphthalene subjected to 28 kHz of ultrasonic irradiation was found to be 1.46 times as much as when exposed under 132 kHz (132 kHz: 56%, 28 kHz: 82.7%). Additionally, its $k_1$ constant was increased by 2.3 times (132 kHz: $2.4{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-1}$, 28 kHz: $5.0{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-1}$). $H_2O_2$ concentration measured 10 minutes after the exposure to 132 kHz of ultrasound, when compared with the measurement under frequency of 28 kHz, was 7.2 times as much. The concentration measured after 90 minutes, however, showed the difference of only 10%. (concentration of $H_2O_2$ under 28 kHz being 1.1 times greater than that under 132 kHz.) The $H_2O_2$ concentration resulting from 2.5 ppm naphthalene after 90 minutes of sonication at 24 kHz and 132 kHz were lower by 0.05 and 0.1 ppm, respectively, than the concentration measured from the irradiated M.Q. water (no naphthalene added.) Degradation efficiency of horn type (24 kHz) and bath type (28 kHz) ultrasound was found to be 87% and 82.7%, respectively, and $k_1$ was calculated into $22.8{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-1}$ and $18.7{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-1}$ respectively. Using the multi- frequency and mixed type of ultrasound system (28 kHz bath type + 24 kHz horn type) simultaneously resulted in combined efficiency of 88.1%, while $H_2O_2$ concentration increased 3.5 times (28 kHz + 24 kHz: 2.37 ppm, 24 kHz: 0.7 ppm.) Therefore, the multi-frequency and mixed type of ultrasound system procedure might be most effectively used for removing the substances that are easily oxidized by the OH radical.