• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.12-18
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• 2024

Background: Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a prominent technology that can preserve superior genetic traits of animals and expand the population in a short time. Hematological characters and endocrine profiles are important elements that demonstrate the stability of the physiological state of cloned animals. To date, several studies regarding cloned camels with superior genes have been conducted. However, detailed hemato-physiological assessments to prove that cloned camels are physiologically normal are limited. In this study, We evaluated the hemato-physiological characteristics of cloned male and female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries). Methods: Therefore, we analyzed variations in hematological characteristics and endocrine profiles between cloned and non-cloned age-matched male and female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries). Two groups each of male and female cloned and non-cloned camels were monitored to investigate the differences in hemato-physiological characteristics. Results: All the animals were evaluated by performing complete blood count (CBC), serum chemistry, and endocrinological tests. We found no significant difference between the cloned and non-cloned camels. Furthermore, the blood chemistry and endocrine profiles in male and female camels before maturity were similar. Conclusions: These results suggest that cloned and non-cloned camels have similar hematological characteristics and endocrine parameters.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.8-17
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• 2024

This study was conducted to explore the efficacy of bee venom as a treatment for mastitis and to determine the optimal dosage and treatment period. When 6 mg or 12 mg of bee venom was administered to each experimental quarter of mastitis in dairy cow, the clinical symptoms in the 12 mg quarter were noticeably improved compared to those in the 6 mg quarter. There was no significant difference in the somatic cell count (SCC) in the milk between normal and mastitis quarters between the 6 and 12 mg doses, but there was a steady decrease in the 12 mg-treated quarter (p = 0.34). To determine the treatment period, bee venom was administered for 2, 4, and 7 days. After administering 12 mg of bee venom for 7 days, the SCC in the milk was compared before 6 days and after 7 days, and the SCC was significantly decreased to less than 100,000 SC/mL after 7 days (p = 0.01). In addition, to investigate the efficacy of bee venom, the minimum inhibitory concentration for S. aureus, E. coli, and coagulase negative staphylococci was measured, and the results showed that Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to bee venom than Gram-negative bacteria, and treatment for Gram-negative bacteria was limited. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that a dose of 12 mg of bee venom and a treatment period of more than 7 days were required to treat mastitis, and that treatment with bee venom alone against Gram-negative bacteria was negative.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1416-1424
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the effects of alfalfa flavonoids on the production performance, immunity, and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows. Methods: The experiments employed four primiparous Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas, and used a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Cattle were fed total mixed ration supplemented with 0 (control group, Con), 20, 60, or 100 mg of alfalfa flavonoids extract (AFE) per kg of dairy cow body weight (BW). Results: The feed intake of the group receiving 60 mg/kg BW of AFE were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the group receiving 100 mg/kg BW. Milk yields and the fat, protein and lactose of milk were unaffected by AFE, while the total solids content of milk reduced (p = 0.05) linearly as AFE supplementation was increased. The somatic cell count of milk in group receiving 60 mg/kg BW of AFE was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of the control group. Apparent total-tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and crude protein showed a tendency to increase (0.05<$p{\leq}0.10$) with ingestion of AFE. Methane dicarboxylic aldehyde concentration decreased (p = 0.03) linearly, whereas superoxide dismutase activity showed a tendency to increase (p = 0.10) quadratically, with increasing levels of AFE supplementation. The lymphocyte count and the proportion of lymphocytes decreased (p = 0.03) linearly, whereas the proportion of neutrophil granulocytes increased (p = 0.01) linearly with increasing levels of dietary AFE supplementation. The valeric acid/total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) ratio was increased (p = 0.01) linearly with increasing of the level of AFE supplementation, the other ruminal fermentation parameters were not affected by AFE supplementation. Relative levels of the rumen microbe Ruminococcus flavefaciens tended to decrease (p = 0.09) quadratically, whereas those of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens showed a tendency to increase (p = 0.07) quadratically in response to AFE supplementation. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that AFE supplementation can alter composition of milk, and may also have an increase tendency of nutrient digestion by regulating populations of microbes in the rumen, improve antioxidant properties by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, and affect immunity by altering the proportions of lymphocyte and neutrophil granulocytes in dairy cows. The addition of 60 mg/kg BW of AFE to the diet of dairy cows was shown to be beneficial in this study.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1251-1251
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• 2001

The routine analysis of milk chemical components is of major importance both for the management of animals in dairy farms and for quality control in dairy industries. NIRS technology is an analytical technique which greatly simplifies this routine. One of the most critical aspects in NIRS analysis of milk is sample preparation and analysis modes which should be fast and straightforward. An important difficulty when obtaining NIR spectra of milk is the high water content (80 to 90%) of this product, since water absorbs most of the infrared radiation, and, therefore, limits the accuracy of calibrating for other constituents. To avoid this problem, the DESIR system was set up. Other ways of radiation-sample interaction adapted for liquids or semi-liquids exist, which are practically instantaneous and with limited or null necessity of sample preparation: Transmission and Folded Transmission or Transflectance. The objective of the present work is to compare the precision and accuracy of milk calibration equations in two analysis modes: Reflectance (dry milk) and Folded Transmission (liquid milk). A FOSS-NIR Systems 6500 I spectrophotometer (400-2500 nm) provided with a spinning module was used. Two NIR spectroscopic methods for milk analysis were compared: a) folded transmission: liquid milk samples in a 0.1 pathlength sample cell (ref. IH-0345) and b) reflectance: dried milk samples in glass fibre filters placed in a standard ring cell. A set of 101 milk samples was used to develop the calibration equations, for the two NIR analysis modes, to predict casein, protein, fat and dry matter contents, and 48 milk samples to predict Somatic Cell Count (SCC). The calibrations obtained for protein, fat and dry matter have an excellent quantitative prediction power, since they present $r^2$ values higher than 0.9. The $r^2$ values are slightly lower for casein and SCC (0.88 and 0.89 respectively), but they still are sufficiently high. The accuracy of casein, protein and SCC equations is not affected by the analysis modes, since their ETVC values are very similar in reflectance and folded transmission (0.19% vs 0.21%; 0.16% vs 0.19% and 55.57% vs 53.11% respectively), Lower SECV values were obtained for the prediction of fat and dry matter with the folded transmission equations (0.14% and 0.25% respectively) compared to the results with the reflectance ones (0.43% and 0.34% respectively). In terms of accuracy and speed of analytical response, NIRS analysis of liquid milk is recommended (folded transmission), since the drying procedure takes 24 hours. However, both analysis modes offer satisfactory results.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.524-527
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• 2009

본 연구는 소의 유선 내 감염(유방염)과 체세포 면역 표지자의 상관 관계 분석을 위하여 자연적으로 감염된 젖소와 건강한 젖소의 우유를 비교한 단면조사 연구이다. 유방염에 이환된 31마리의 국내 젖소의 우유에서 세 가지의 체세포 면역 표지자(CD11b, CD4, CD8)의 발현과 체세포 수(SCC), 그리고 세균학적인 분석(배양 및 PCR검사)을 통한 감염 여부 및 병원체의 종류에 대하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 감염된 젖소의 우유는 건강한 젖소의 우유보다 체세포 내의 CD11b와 CD4발현이 유의적으로 증가하였으며, CD4/CD8비율도 높았다. 그러나, 병원체의 종류에 따른 증가된 체세포 면역 표지자와는 커다란 연관성을 보이지 않았으나, 감염된 병원체의 수와 관련해서는, 체세포 면역 표지 인자 CD11b, CD4의 발현 그리고 CD4/8 비율의 증가와 현저한 관련이 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과로 볼 때, 면역 표지자를 이용한 우유의 체세포 분석을 통하여 특발성 소 유방염의 진단 및 관리에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2012

재조합 bST(recombinant bovine somatotropin; rbST)는 젖소에서 건강에 부작용을 초래하지 않으면서 유생산을 증가시키는 것으로 알려졌다. 본 연구는 250 mg의 rbST를 함유한 $Boostin^{(R)}$-250 제제와 rbST를 500 mg 함유하는 $Posilac^{(R)}$ 제제와 $Boostin^{(R)}$-S 제제의 투여시 유생산에 미치는 영향과 대상동물에 대한 rbST 투여의 안전성을 비교하기 위하여 실시하였다. 젖소는 1군에서 4군까지 각각 25마리씩 임의배치하였다. $Boostin^{(R)}$-250 제제와 부형제(대조군)를 매주 투여하였으며 $Boostin^{(R)}$-S 제제와 $Posilac^{(R)}$제제는 2주 간격으로 투여하였다. 젖소의 유량, 유성분, 체세포수, 건강상태, body condition score (BCS)를 측정하였다. $Posilac^{(R)}$제제, $Boostin^{(R)}$-S 제제, $Boostin^{(R)}$-250 제제의 투여에 따른 유생산 증가는 대조군과 비교하여 각각 2.9 kg/day (12.3%), 4.2 kg/day (17.9%), 4.1 kg/day (17.4%)이었으며 rbST를 투여한 군들과 대조군 사이에서 통계적 유의차가 확인되었다. rbST의 투여는 임상형 유방염발생과 우유의 체세포수를 증가시키지 않았으며 rbST의 투여는 유성분에도 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 최고유량 이후 rbST의 투여는 BCS에 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않았지만 비유 100일 이내의 일부 젖소들은 rbST의 투여 후 BCS가 감소하였다. 결론적으로 rbST 250 mg의 매주 투여는 rbST 500 mg의 2주 간격 투여와 유사한 우유 증산효과를 나타내었으며 젖소의 대사성 스트레스를 감소시키는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.479-486
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• 2006

본 연구는 사양과 관리 방법이 낙농농가의 우유품질과 생산성에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 조사농가는 경기 (11), 강원 (22)과 충남 (17) 지역의 50농가를 선정하여 사육규모, 우사형태, 사양관리, 분뇨처리, 착유와 생산성에 관한 자료를 수집하여 분석하였고 조사농가로부터 우유저장 탱크에서 우유 샘플을 채취하여 우유 성분과 품질을 분석하였다. 착유우의 사육 규모가 큰 농가가 중간 규모나 적은 규모의 농가에 비하여 우사, 착유관리와 분뇨처리를 위한 시설을 잘 갖추고 있었다. 착유우에 대한 농후사료 급여량이 소규모의 낙농가 (47.51%)가 중간 규모의 낙농가 (32.59%)나 규모가 큰 낙농농가 (31.81%)에 비하여 많은 양을 급여하고 있었으며, 착유우의 사육 규모가 커질수록 낙농 농가에서의 농후사료 급여수준이 감소되는 동시에 수입조사료에 대한 의존도는 증가하였다. 우유 중의 세균수는 우사 및 착유실의 형태에 따라서 영향을 받았으며, 계류식 우사에서 착유우를 사육하는 농가의 우유 중 세균수 (Coliform과 E. coli)가 후리스톨이나 톱밥우사에서 사육하는 농가에서 보다 높았다. 바켓식 착유를 하는 농가의 우유 중 세균수가 파이프라인이나 텐덤 (tendem)과 헤링본 착유시설을 보유한 농가에서 보다 높았다. 착유우의 사육두수가 많은 농가일수록 관리와 착유를 위한 시설이 개선되는 경향이 있어 체세포 등급이 높은 것으로 나타났고 체세포 등급이 높은 착유우에서 우유 생산성도 높았다. 그리고 조사된 농가의 평균 우유 중 단백질 농도는 2.89 에서 2.98% 이었고, 우유 중 요소태 질소 함량은 21.81에서 23.31mg/dl 이었다. 이런 결과는 착유 두수가 많은 농가일수록 착유우의 관리를 위한 시설을 개선하고 있어, 유질이 개선되고 농가의 수입도 더불어 증가하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2011

본 시험은 국내에 도입된 자동착유시스템 설치농가에서 사육하고 있는 젖소들의 검정성적을 이용하여 자동착유시스템 설치 전과 후의 산유량과 유성분 및 체세포 수 변화를 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 분석에 이용된 자료는 자동착유시스템이 설치된 4개의 농가에서 자동착유시스템 설치 1년 전과 1년 후의 검정기록이 있는 147두를 대상으로 하였다. 산유량을 비교한 결과, 자동착유시스템 설치 1년 전의 기존착유시스템에서 산유량이 30.37 kg인 것에 비하여 자동착유시스템 설치 1년 후의 산유량은 34.27 kg으로 유의성 있게 높아진 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 착유회수가 AMS 설치 1년 전의 기존착유 2.0회에 비하여 자동착유시스템에서 2.62회로 증가한 것에 기인한 것으로 생각된다. 유지율 (%)은 자동착유시스템 설치 전 $3.7{\pm}0.5%$에 비하여 설치 후 $3.8{\pm}0.5%$으로 약간 높은 경향을 나타내었으나 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 유지방량 (kg)은 기존 착유시스템에서 보다 자동착유시스템으로 전환 후 유의적으로 높게 나타났는데, 이는 산유량 증가에 기인된 것이다. 유단백율 역시 자동착유시스템 설치 전 $3.2{\pm}0.2%$와 설치 후 $3.2{\pm}0.2%$로 차이가 없었다. 그러나 유단백량에 있어서는 유지방과 같이 산유량 증가로 인하여 기존 착유시스템에 비하여 자동착유시스템에서 유의적으로 높았다. 체세포 수는 자동착유시스템 설치 전 $169.4{\pm}188.5$천개/ml로 1등급 수준이었던 것에 비하여 설치 후 $314.4{\pm}279.9$천개/ml로 2등급 수준으로 유의성 있게 증가하였음을 알 수 있다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 보면, 자동착유시스템 설치에 따라 산유량은 증가하나 유질등급에 영향을 주는 체세포 수가 증가하는 것으로 나타나 자동착유시스템을 설치하려는 농가에서는 이에 대한 고려가 있어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 체세포 수가 증가한 것이 자동착유시스템 자체의 문제인지 아니면 자동착유시스템을 운영하는 관리자의 관리미숙으로 인한 것인지는 명확하지 않아 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 하겠다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.295-305
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to isolate microorganisms from half milk samples of dairy goats by California mastitis test (CMT) during the lactation period and to further investigate the susceptibility of isolated organisms to antimicrobial drugs. From a total of 235 half milk samples with CMT scores of 2 or above from 366 dairy goats distributed throughout Jeonnam province, microorganisms were isolated from 198 (83.5%) samples either singly (99.0%) or in combination (1.0%). The most prevalent microorganism was the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., (44.4%, n=88) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (24.2%, n=48), Escherichia coli (11.1%, n=22) and Streptococcus spp. (7.6%, n=15). Isolated bacteria also included Bacillus spp. (2.5%, n=5), Pseudomonas spp. (2.5%, n=5), Micrococcus spp. (1.5%, n=3), Corynebacterium spp. (1.5%, n=3), Enterococcus facium (1.0%, n=2), Morganella morganii (0.5%, n=1) and Streptococcus agalactiae (0.5%, n=1). During the summer season, a high prevalence of all microorganisms were observed in which Staphylococcus spp. (30.8%), Escherichia coli (8.6%), and Streptococcus spp. (5.6%) were among the most prevalent bacteria isolated. Staphylococcus spp. was also shown to be high in the winter (21.7%). In most samples, the presence of bacterial pathogens in goat milk led to the increase in the total somatic cell count (SCC). Most of the half milk samples of dairy goats with bacterial contamination showed SCC of ${\geq}1{\times}10^6cells/ml$ (90.4%). Minor pathogens (11.4%) were more detected from milk samples with SCC of < $1{\times}10^6cells/ml$ than major pathogens (4.1%), while the major pathogens tended to be higher from samples with SCC of ${\geq}3{\times}10^6cells/ml$. Susceptibility of these bacteria to 12 antimicrobial agents was tested by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results indicated that more than 90% of bacteria isolated from CMT 2+ dairy goat half milk samples were susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic, enrofloxacin and cephalothin while they were resistant to tetracycline (44.7%).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.397-408
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• 2005

This study, consisting of three experiments, was conducted to determine the effects of feeding feather meal (FM), feather meal digest (FMD), L-cystine and methionine hydroxyl analogue (MHA) on taurine content of milk and milk production of Holstein dairy cows. In experiment 1, FM or FMD was supplemented at 0, 1, 3 and 5% of dry matter intake (DMI), respectively. Taurine concentration of 3% FM and 5% FMD treatment were increased by 14% and 220/0, respectively. The 5% FM treatment had a negative effect on milk yield and FM and FMD treatments had no significant or consistent effects on milk fat, protein, lactose, milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and somatic cell count (SCC). In experiment 2, Lcystine or MHA was supplemented at 0, 1, 3, and 5g or ml/d along with 5% FMD, respectively. Milk yield decreased at 3 and 5g or ml Lcystine or MHA supplementation along with 5% FMD. Fat and lactose in milk were not significantly affected by treatments. However, milk protein level increased significantly in the 5 ml HMA with 5% FMD treatment. SCC decreased significantly in 1ml MHA with 5% FMD supplemented treatment but increased in 5g Lcystine with 5% FMD and 5 ml MHA with 5% FMD treatments. Increase of milk taurine concentration of L'cystine with 5% FMD treatments was not significant but those of MHA with 5% FMD treatments were significantly higher than the control. The highest increase of milk taurine concentration was 65% shown in 1 ml MHA with 5% FMD treatment. In experiment 3, 5% FM, 5% FM+3% molasses or 5% FM+3% molasses+l ml MHA was supplemented to the based TMR diet. The molasses treatments (5% FM+3% molasses and 5% FM+3% molasses+l ml MHA) showed significantly higher milk taurine content than the 5% FM treatment. The molasses treatments significantly reduced MUN but increased SCC. It was concluded that FMD is more effective than FM in enriching taurine in milk. Maximum taurine enrichment (65%) in the milk was obtained by supplementation of 5% FMD/DM1+1 ml MHA/d/cow. Molasses supplementation to 5% FM diet increased milk taurine content. However, MHA supplementation in dairy cows increased ruminal escape, gastrointestinal absorption and response of serum methionine.