• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.477-485
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• 2018

To control manage environmental load during construction work, it is required to ascertain an accurate quantity for materials those are using during the construction. In construction industrial nowadays, especially on design part, there are lots of mistakes occurred on quantity take-off between plan documents and actual work. That mistakes are caused by omission of design items, overcount because of interference each materials or simple calculate error. Besides, in case of a construction project, engineers are impossible to design perfectly due to a lot of invalid variable in a construction site. Thus, design errors and changes occur frequently in the process of construction work or design due to such unclear elements. And in case of LCA assessment based on 2D design, there is difficult for an engineer who is in charge to calculate the volume of materials manually using drawings and relevant specifications. This study is aimed for examining and verifying a high reliable method of evaluating environmental load which is useful in construction process through comparing LCA analysis. In addition, this study provides the method of calculating the volume of materials and LCA assessment in working on the basis of 2D design, using the specifications which is used for LCA evaluation, and possibility of utilizing the LCA assessment by introducing BIM design technic to improve the former problem through comparing and analyzing the previous method with 3D-based evaluation process.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.28-40
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• 2015

To investigate the seasonal variations of carbonaceous aerosol in Daejeon, OC (organic carbon), EC (elemental carbon) and WSOC (water soluble organic carbon) in $PM_{2.5}$ samples collected from March 2012 to February 2013 were analyzed. $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were estimated by the sum of organic matter ($1.6{\times}OC$), EC, water-soluble ions ($Na^+$, $NH_4{^{+}}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^{-}}$). The estimated $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were relatively higher in winter ($29.50{\pm}12.04{\mu}g/m^3$) than those in summer ($13.72{\pm}6.92{\mu}g/m^3$). Carbonaceous aerosol ($1.6{\times}OC+EC$) was a significant portion (34~47%) of $PM_{2.5}$ in all season. The seasonally averaged OC and WSOC concentrations were relatively higher in winter ($6.57{\times}3.48{\mu}gC/m^3$ and $4.07{\pm}2.53{\mu}gC/m^3$ respectively), than those in summer ($3.07{\pm}0.8{\mu}gC/m^3$, $1.77{\pm}0.68{\mu}gC/m^3$, respectively). OC was correlated well with WSOC in all season, indicating that they have similar emission sources or formation processes. In summer, both OC and WSOC were weakly correlated with EC and also poorly correlated with a well-known biomass burning tracer, levoglucosan, while WSOC is highly correlated with SOC (secondary organic carbon) and $O_3$. The results suggest that carbonaceous aerosol in summer was highly influenced by secondary formation rather than primary emissions. In contrast, both OC and WSOC in winter were strongly correlated with EC and levoglucosan, indicating that carbonaceous aerosol in winter was closely related to primary source such as biomass burning. The contribution of biomass burning to $PM_{2.5}$ OC and EC, which was estimated using the levoglucosan to OC and EC ratios of potential biomass burning sources, was about $70{\pm}15%$ and $31{\pm}10%$, respectively, in winter. Results from this study clearly show that $PM_{2.5}$ OC has seasonally different chemical characteristics and origins.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2001

Purpose : Urinary tract infections (UTIs) of children require prompt and correct diagnosis and treatment to reduce the risk of renal damage. As a first step to improve the outcome of UTI in Korea, we investigated the practical variations in the methods of diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of children with UTI and UTI prevention. Method :A questionnaire related to the individual policy on UTI diagnosis. treatment, imaging test, and prevention was submitted to 26 experts. Result Majority of the experts used bag-collected urine specimen for infants and mid-stream urine specimen for children for urinary culture. With a negative result of culture study, they diagnosed UTI when there was pyuria, positive results of the nitrite test, or bacteriuria. 80 $\%$ of experts prescribed prophylactic antibiotics after upper tract UTI. Operative treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) was indicated for children older than one or two years old with high-grade VUR, refractory breakthrough infections, or recurrent UTIs. Most of them performed kidney ultrasonography on the diagnosis of UTI and more than half of them evaluated children treated of UTI with vesicocystourethrogram and/or DMSA scintigraphy. Majority did not recommend circumcision. Half of the experts were screening siblings of VUR patients. Conclusion : Considering the variations exposed through this study systematic guidelines for management of children with UTI in Korean would be necessary. (J. Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 5 : 15-21, 2001)

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2001

Purpose : To evaluate tile frequency of urinary tract anomalies in male neonates less than 3 months old who presented with urinary tract infection(UTI) and to evaluate a appropriate imaging approach after first UTI. Materials and methods : During a period of 5 years from March 1994 to February 1999, 65 male infants less than 3months old(range: 4-92 days, mean: 43 days) with UTI were evaluated. Ultrasound(US) and Voiding cystourethrogram(VCUG) were done in 60 patients. Due to refusal and technological problem, 5 patients were missed. 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan (99mTc-DMSA renal scan) was recommended to most patients but performed in 40 patients. Renal scan was performed at least 3 months later after urinary tract infection. Results : Urinary tract anomalies were found in 26 of 65 infants. Twenty-six had vesicoureteral reflux(VUR), two had both VUR and double ureter, two had both U and posterior urethral valve. In patients with VUR, eight had renal scar or renal atrophies. In case of renal scar or atrophy, grades of VUR were III or above. Conclusion : We suggest that US and VCUG should be routinely performed in infants(<3months)with first UTI. 99mTc-DMSA renal scan should be performed only when renal parenchymal damage was observed in US and VUR grade III or above in VCUG. (J. Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 5 : 30- 5, 2001)

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.408-414
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• 2008

Importance of climate change and its impact on agriculture and environment has increased with the rise Green House Gases (GHGs) concentration in the atmosphere. To slow down the speed of climate change many efforts have been applied in industrial sectors to reduce GHGs emission and to enhance carbon storage. In agricultural sector, many researches have been performed on GHGs emission reduction, but few on the role of carbon sink. In this study, we investigated carbon balance and soil carbon storage in agricultural field in the barley-red pepper and barley-soybean cropping system. With the system for automatic measuring of carbon dioxide, net ecosystem production(NEP) was estimated to be $6.3ton\;CO_2\;ha-1$ for N-P-K chemical fertilizer treatment plot and $10.6ton\;CO_2\;ha^{-1}$ for N-P-K chemical fertilizer with swine manure treatment plot in the barley-soybean rotation cropping. In the barley-red pepper rotation cropping, it was $12.0ton\;CO_2\;ha^{-1}$ for N-P-K chemical fertilizer treatment plot and $13.2ton\;CO_2\;ha^{-1}$ for N-P-K chemical fertilizer with swine manure treatment plot. Soil carbon storage rate was estimated to be $0.7ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for the barley-soybean cropping system and $0.5ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for barley-pepper cropping system. In appeared that agricultural lands may contribute to the greenhouse effect as a potential carbon sink preserving carbon into soil.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.535-541
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• 2013

The urbanization affects significantly on a natural water circulation system by increasing the imperviousness rate. It is also negatively affecting on urban temperature, environmental pollution, water quality, and aqua-ecosystems. The Korea MOE (Ministry of Environment) adapted a new environmental policy in order to reduce the impact of urbanization, which is the Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) program. The GSI can be achieved by protecting conservable green spaces, enlarging more green spaces, and constructing more permeable pavements. The GSI is including many different techniques such as bioretention, rain garden, infiltration trench and so on. Also It is the infrastructures using natural mechanisms of soils, microorganisms, plants and animals on a water circulation system and pollutant reduction. In this research, a multi functional GSI technology with infiltration-filtration mechanisms has been developed and performed lab-scale tests to evaluate the performances about infiltration rate restoration and pollutant reduction. The most of pollutants including metals, organics and particulates were reduced about 50~90% due to water infiltration and storage functions. The clogging was found when the TSS loading rate was reached on $8.3{\sim}9.0kg/m^2$, which value is higher than the values in literatures. It means the new technology can show high performances with low maintenances.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 2015

What is a role of the studies on spatial planning of Korean peninsular and its cities in the process of cooperation between and unification of South and North Korea? Where should the basic perspectives be oriented for the process? Can a comprehensive plan of North Korea have practical implications although South-North cooperation does not get into its stride? If it can, which contents should the plan cover? This study aims to contemplate these issues and to suggest a preliminary land development approach of North Korea, which would contribute academic and practical debates on the issues, at this juncture of the cascade of studies on spatial planning in North Korea. It assume South-North relation would evolve from 'reconciliation and cooperation' and 'confederation' into 'unification' of South and North Korea which is based on the official plan of South Korea. We suggest, as the basic perspectives of development approach, cooperation(or co-evolution), future-oriented sustainability, and parallel development of industry and physical infrastructure. The development potential of North Korea is explained by detail fields and sub-regions, which is used to analyse SWOT and to subsequently extract the basic directions(vision and strategies) of North Korea development. These directions are followed by the spatial structure plan to improve North Korea using the potential of the regions. Based on the plan, the development directions of detail fields are suggested.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1974

Meretrix lusoria is one of the most favorite edible bivalves inhabiting wide inter-tidal flats along the western coast of Korea. Over the period of July to September 1973, some specimens from a tidal flat near AnMyun Island were submerged in sea water with various concentrations of ammo-mum hydroxide added and careful observations were made on their fertilization, early development, and metamorphosis of the larvae. The highest rate of fertilization was demonstrated by individuals treated with 1/1000 normal solution of ammonium hydroxide, and their fertilized eggs followed normal development, i. e., two cell stage in 1.2 hours after fertilization, gastrula stage after 4.7 hours, and trochophore stage after 5.6 hours. Within 24 hours after fertilization M. lusoria larvae have acquired the form of early straight-hinge veliger with the mean prodissoconch I length of $112\mu$. It takes seven days to get the umbo stage with the mean shell length of $172\mu$ and twenty days to get the metamorphosing stage with the mean shell length of $232\mu$. The larvae were cultured to the metamorphosing stage with the shell length of $272\mu$ in the laboratory condition. The relationship between the shell length (L) and the shell height (H) in veliger stage is shown as H=1.02325L-24.46425 with a significant difference.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.208-216
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• 2019

Construction projects generate a massive amount of diverse information. It takes at least five years to more than 10 years to complete, so it is important to manage the information on a project's history, including processes and costs. Furthermore, it is necessary to determine if construction projects have been carried out according to the planned goals, and to convert a construction information management system (CALS) into a virtuous cycle. It is easy to ensure integrated information management in private construction projects because constructors can take care of the whole process (from planning to completion), whereas it is difficult for public construction projects because various agencies are involved in the projects. A CALS manages the project information of public road construction, but that information is managed according to CALS subsystems, resulting in disconnected information among the subsystems, and making it impossible to monitor integrated information. Thus, this study proposes integrated information management measures to ensure comprehensive management of the information generated during the construction life cycle. To that end, a CALS is improved by standardizing and integrating the system database, integrating the individually managed user information, and connecting the system with the Dbrain tool, which collectively builds artificial intelligence, to ensure information management based on the project budget.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.85-92
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• 2015

For concerning the climate change issues, the carbon sequestration and importance of soil organic matter are receiving high attention. To evaluate carbon sequestration in soil is important to determine the soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions such as WESOC (Water extractable soil organic carbon), and $CO_2$ emission by soil microbial respiration. However, the analyses for those contents are time-consuming procedure. There were studied the feasibility of MIRS (Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy), which has short analysis time for determining the WESOC and an incubated carbon in this study. Oven-dried soils at $100^{\circ}C$ and $350^{\circ}C$ were scanned with MIRS and compared with the chemically analyzed WESOC and cumulative carbon dioxide generated during 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of incubation periods, respectively. It was observed that an optimized determination coefficient was 0.6937 between WESOC and untreated soil processed by spectrum vector normalization (SNV) and 0.8933 between cumulative $CO_2$ from 30 days incubation and soil dried at $350^{\circ}C$ after subtracting air-dried soil processed by 1st derivatives. Therefore, it was shown that Quantification of soil organic carbon fractions was possibility to be analyzed by using MIRS.