• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.364-370
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• 1998

This study was carried out to establish optimum smoking conditions i.e., smoking temperature, time, and smoking material for meat products. Smoking materials employed for smoking were oak and apple trees. Roast ham and wiener produced by various smoking conditions wree subjected to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) analysis. Benzo(a)pyrene was not detected in roast ham and wiener prepared with oak wood smoked and apple wood smoked at 250$^{\circ}C$. The content of benzo(a)pyrene in roast ham and wiener with apple wood smoked at 400$^{\circ}C$ were 0.6 and 0.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, and those sample smoked at 500$^{\circ}C$ is not suitable for meat products due to the high production rate of benzo(a)pyrene. The higher smoking temperature of the products, the higher the content of PAHs. The similar tendency was observed in smoking time. PAHs contents of the products smoked with oak wood was ranged from non-dection to 0.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. Meat products smoked for 75 min. were found to be highly valuable from the viewpoints of flavour and color.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chicory fiber for the replacement of fat and smoking on quality characteristics of restructured sausages. Treatments were as follows; Control: Pork backfat 20%, T1: Pork backfat 10% + Chicory fiber 10%, T2: Control + Smoking, T3: T1 + Smoking. The addition of chicory fiber significantly reduced the moisture, fat, hardness and pH values, whereas the smoking treatment increased the fat, redness and pH values of restructured sausages (p<0.01). Additionally, interaction of them significantly affected the ash, chewiness and hardness values of restructured sausages. As a result, although the addition of chicory fiber decreased the quality characteristics of sausage, smoking treatment improved the reduced quality. Therefore, the chicory fiber and smoking treatment is helpful to develop restructured sausage products with reduced fat and compensated quality.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the relationship between stress perceived by middle school students and social support level and to investigate the factors affecting middle school students' smoking behavior. Method: The data was collected from four hundred and thirteen students of one boys' middle school and one girls' middle school. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 11.5 Win Program. Result: Smoking rate was higher in girls than boys. The factors affecting smoking behavior were drinking (OR=67.62, P<0.01), having one parent or no parents(OR=9.98, P<0.05), and higher material support(OR=4.67, P<0.05). Conclusion: This results showed that smoking prevention program is needed for girls' middle school students. To prevent smoking, teachers should help students to cope with stress from schools and their environments with careful guidance, and organized support for the student with one parent or no parents should also be established. Furthermore, guidance in student's relationships with peers is needed regarding appropriate allowance, drinking, or substance use.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.145-161
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• 2001

In odor to develop fillet-type seasoner and mixed powder-type seasoner using smoked mackerel as primary material, processing conditions of the mackerel meat and flavoring extract from various materials were examined. The approximate composition of mackerel meat and mixed powde-type seasoner using mackerel as primary material were 10.9 and 11.7%, for moisture 79.1 and 57.2% for crude protein, 5.3 and 2.9% for crude lipid, and 4.3 and 24.6% for crude ash, respectively. It was suitable to simmer raw mackerel in 3% chitooligosaccaride solution at 8$0^{\circ}C$ for 10 min., for the enhancement of reaction their meat and chitooligosaccharide. Considering effect of type of woodsmoke on organoletic properties of mackerel after smoking, oak and mixture(oak wood ＋ citrus wood = 1 : 1) were superior to another woodsmoke, the smoking conditions favoring the most overall preference were 8$0^{\circ}C$, 25min. for smoking time, 20$0^{\circ}C$, 20min. for baking, and 10$0^{\circ}C$. 4hrs. for drying. The optimal material mixing ratio for mixed powder-type seasoner was powder of smoked mackerel 60%, dried anchovy 15%, dried sea tangle 10%. The most appropriate extraction condition of mixed powder seasoner with packing tea bag(10g/bag) was 98$^{\circ}C$ for 5min. in the boiling water.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.74-100
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• 1989

Inspite of the lots of studies on the harmfulness of cigarette smoking to the body published by many researchers since 1950, cigarette smoking people are increasing in number especially, cigarette smoking by young and women causes a serious problem. Examining the physiological motives of youth shows that, impulse which the youth want to immitate the adults, alluring curiousity, and defiant physiology of escaping from the norm of traditional groups which has been banned are cooperated well compoundly. As the period of the youth is the one which they accumulate knowledge and charactor by learning as well as the period of growth mentally, and physically they should be rightly educated about smoking before they addicted to smoking and it is desirable for us to make the youth to understand how harmfully the smoking is to effect to their growth and mental soundness simply not as a social norm which they should not smoke. The main motive of this study on the attitude of smoking by the youth is to give basic materials related on this field. For this study, 647 questionnaires were used as studying material which were able to analyze among 720 questionnaires of 2 classes of each grade of 3 high schools among the high schools of boys, girls and co-educated in Seoul from Oct. 21, 1988 through Oct. 26, 1988. Study Instrument are graded in Likert's 5 point from 40 questions which are 20 questions m affirmations and 20 questions in negations after analyzing the factors on 60 simple sentence questions which the students showed in preliminary studies. And these are systemized to be measured from 1 point which means they think smoking IS very bad to 5points which means they think smoking is really good. In these collected materials, technical statistics of frequency. percentage, average, standard deviation are used for general character and smoking attitude, $X^2-test$ for examinning Independant variables of physical. emotional, ethical and other areas pearson's coefficient of correlation for related direction and degree" and step­regression analysis for the degree of relative contribution of all variables which effect smoking attitude. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The smoking attitude of high school boys and girls showed average of 1.78 in physical area, 2.63 in emotional area, 2.61 in ethical area, 2.29 in other area respectively in a negative attitude generally also the negative attitude are expressed most strongly in physical area. I've can also say by this results that smoking is harmful to their health and further more it can be judged that this proves the youth in the period of preparation be adults have a strong curiousity in the emotional, ethical and other areas. 2. The most influential variables in each field as related factors effecting smoking attitude of the student can be explained from 13.2 in physical area the lowest experienced variables to 25.2 in emotional area the highest of degree of smoking experience. The fact that the more the smoking experienced students are increasing in number the higher tendency which accept the' smoking tells as the importance of health education about the population of latest student's smoking as important variables shown equally in each area. Those of grade, age, numbers of smoking people in house are showed meaningful in pure interrelation. Those related to the acceptance of teacher's smoking, sex, mothors education are shown meaningful in opposite interrelations. This means that the' increasing number' of smoking people in grade age, the number of smoker in family have a affirmative attitude. And people who are not interested in teacher's smoking wants to quit it, and whose mother's education is higher have a negative attitude. 3. The most negatively answered questions of the smoking attitude In physical, emotional, ethical and other areas are as belows; Firstly too much smoking is harmful to our health is 1.12 point. Secondly smoking have a ill-effect on pregnancy and embryo is 1.13 point. Thirdly smoking is harmful· to our health is 1.27 point. Fourthly smoking in crowed area with the people such as In a bus or subway should be prohibited is 1.27point. Fifthly smoking can ruin lungs is 1.31 point. And the most affirmatively answered questions are also as below; Firstly we showed smoke depending on time and place is 3.96 points. Secondly smoking is just habit is 3.83 points. Thirdly smoking people seem to be unable and deplorable is 3.69 point. Fourthly smoking should be prohibited by law is 3.56 points. Fifthly high school student's smoking is immitation of adults is 3.52 points.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.20-35
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to provide grounds for the development of preparation of Korean medicine through investigating the usage of smoking preparation, fumigant and buccal preparations in "Dongeuibogam". Methods : We have researched the usage of related preparations as following procedure : 1. Choosing a related words such as combustion(燒, 燎, 燃) smoking(烟), fumigation(熏, 熏烟, 熏洗), inhalation(聞, 嗅, 齅), holding in mouth(含, 噙). 2. Searching sentences : We have searched sentences containing the related words in "Dongeuibogam", analyzed the selected sentences and made tables of the usage including indication, formula, material. Conclusions : 1. Smoking preparations and Fumigant can be classified into two different groups : 1) internal usage for the treatment of internal diseases such as dizziness, congestion, stroke, cough. 2) external usage for the treatment of wounds, sores, genital diseases, anal disease and for the prevention of diseases. 2. Buccal preparation is mainly used for the treatment of mouth, tongue, throat and lung diseases. 3. These preparations have been used not only for external diseases but internal diseases. 4. Each preparation has chief herbs for its peculiar properties of treatment.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.59-70
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• 1990

This study was performed during the period between March 22 and July 23, 1989 in other to examine status of aniti - smoking eduation in middle and high school in Seoul. The results were as follows; 1. The respondents of this study were 403 nurse teachers of whom 43.7% had implemented anti - smoking education and 56.3% had not implemented anti - smoking education. Classified by school, those schools implementing anti - smoking education were in order of frequency; boys' high schools (32.4%), coeducational high schools (18.3%) and boys' middle schools (13/6%) and those schools not implementing anti-smoking education were in order of frequency: girls' high schools (23.8%), girls' middle schools (22.5%) and coeducation middle schools(7.6%). 2. The number of times that anti - smoking education was done was once a year (60.8%) or twice a year (38.2%). For teaching materials, 49.4% of the schools reported possessing teaching materials and 50.6% reported not possessing teaching matenials. The content of the anti - smoking education material was classified by grade for 27.8% of the schools and not classified by grade for 72.2%. 3. In schools where anti - smoking education directed at giving up smoking was being used, several problems were presented; lack of reference data and education of data(38.1%) lack of equipment(29.0%), smoking by teachers(13.6%). On the other hand, in schools where anti - smoking education was not being used, the ploblems identified were, in the following order, lack of reference data and education of data(38.1%), lack of equipment(29.0%) lack of time (15.0%) and lack of information (15.4%). There was statistically significant difference the two types of schools. 4. In discussing the proper time for education on giving up smoking, the teachers in school with indicated anti - smoking education the following, in order of frequency, the first year of middle school(30.5%), the second year(27.6%), the last year of middle school (18.4%), primary school (11.9%). For those who did not have anti - smoking education, the result were similar, the first year of middle school (31.9%), the second year (23.5%), primary school (17.6%), and the last year of middle school (15.5%). There results were not statisically significant but they supports the idea of eaely education directed at giving up smoking. 5. The actual frequency of students smoking was as follows. In schools with anti - smoking education 33.5% of the students smoked a lot and seriously 33.0% smoked a little and not seriously. In schools without anti - smoking education, the majority of the teachers (50.4%) indicated that the students were 'few and not serious' followed by 'I don't know well'(19.8%), 'many but not serious'(15.6%), 'many and serious'(15.2%). This implies that the teachers in schools which have anti - smoking education think smoking is more seriously than those who are in schools which do not have anti - smoking education though it is influenced by the members of the school. The opinions on penalities for smoking were as follows; in schools with anti - smoking education, 'punish'(52.8%) and 'give advice'(27.8%). In schools with no anti-smoking education 'punish'(41.9%), 'give advice'(24.5%) and 'I don't know what the rules for punishment should be'(18.5%), and 'do not punish'(16.4). 6. For knowledge about smoking by nurse - teachers, in schools having anti - smoking education the average score was 30.40. There was not statistically significant differences in these scores. But, there is an indication of a need for a deeper and a moer systematic knowledge of smoking as shown by the problem points; lack of reference data and educational data. The reason for this is that education to give up smoking is not considered a part of routine life. But the majority(95.2%) of the respondents indicated that a systematic program in the schools would meet that need.

• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.67-71
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• 2014

Based on the analysis of the actual passenger vehicle fire cases for recent four years (2010~2013), the passenger vehicle fire is increasing annually. Main root cause was analyzed as an electric problem as a 39%. Vehicle fire case by electric problem was mainly caused by use of Non-genuine part. Vehicle fire case by mechanical problem was mainly caused by various oil system maintenance. Vehicle fire case by smoking material was mainly caused by cigarette and disposal lighter. And external fire transition issue and towing mistake fire cases was also confirmed.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.241-247
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• 2009

본 연구는 일부 치위생(학)과 학생을 대상으로 흡연실태와 흡연지식 및 금연지식 정도를 조사하기 위해 설문조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 치위생(학)과 학생들의 흡연율은 6.4%로 치과위생사를 대상으로 조사한 결과(4.3%)보다 높은 수준이었다. 따라서 재학생의 금연에 대한 인식 변화와 건강 그리고 금연을 지도해야 하는 예비 금연지도자로서 선행되어야 할 금연을 위한 교육이 필요하다고 할 수 있다. 2. 흡연경험자등의 최초 흡연시기는 중학교시절이 42.6%로 가장 많았다. 따라서 청소년시기에 담배에 조기에 노출되지 않도록 국가적인 차원의 적극적인 노력이 필요한 것으로 생각된다. 3. 금연을 시도해 본 경험은 89.3%였고, 금연실패유무의 이유로는 개인의 의지때문이라고 15%가 대답하였다. 따라서 금연시도율을 높이고, 금연실패율을 낮추기 위해서 반드시 금연을 해야 하는 타당성을 이해시키고, 금연과 관련된 학생들에 대해 1회성 교육이 아닌 지속적인 교육이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 4. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 금연교육은 어릴때부터 지속적으로 해야 하며, 흡연을 하고 있는 예비 치과위생사들에게 흡연에 대한 인식과 금연의 필요성을 보다 더 확실히 알 수 있도록 치위생(학)과 교육과정내에서의 금연교육이 절실하게 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제44권
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• pp.223-247
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• 2008

이 연구의 목적은 금연홍보 영상물 메시지의 전달방법이 흡연에 대한 신념, 태도, 행동에 어떤 영향을 끼치는지를 탐구하는 것이다. 영상물 제작에서, 정보결손모델, 건강신념모델, 계획된 행동이론, 사회인지 이론을 바탕으로 금연 메시지를 구성하여 이를 실험연구를 통해서 각각의 효과를 분석하고자 하였다. 금연 메시지의 효과에 중요한 영향을 끼치는 요소로는 메시지의 측면성, 자아효능감, 규범적 압력이 도출되었고, 이를 바탕으로 한 메시지의 효과를 흡연자와 금연자 집단으로 나눠 이원변량분석 방법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과에 의하면, 금연자가 양면적 메시지로 구성된 실험물에 노출되었을 때, 그리고 규범적 압력의 메시지가 포함된 실험물에 노출되었을 때 금연효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 흡연여부에 관계없이 규범적 압력이 포함된 실험 영상물이 사회적 흡연 신념을 억제시키는 설득효과가 나타났다. 또한 흡연여부와 관계없이 양면적 메시지와 규범적 압력이 포함된 영상물을 선호하고 있음이 나타났다. 이러한 효과는 자아존중감의 메시지에 노출된 집단에는 나타나지 않았다. 양면적 메시지와 규범적 압력의 메시지의 주효과가 일부 흡연신념을 통해서 나타난 것에 비해서 흡연여부의 주 효과는 통계적으로 의미 있는 결과가 도출되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 흡연자와 비흡연자 간의 흡연태도가 차이가 없음을 의미하는 것인데 이는 흡연자가 금연자와 마찬가지로 담배의 신체위해성이나 심리적, 사회적 이유로 흡연하는 것이 좋지 않다는 것을 인식한 상태에서 흡연을 하고 있음을 보여주는 결과이다. 본 연구의 의의는 금연메시지를 구성하는 이론적 토대에 따라 영상물을 대상으로 한 실험연구를 수행했다는 점으로 향후 실제 금연 캠페인에 적용할 수 있는 메시지 전략도출에 기여를 하였다는 점이다.