• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2005

Controlling dietary behaviors and health-related lifestyle habits is important to manage non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). If NIDDM is not treated properly, the prevalence of macro-vascular complications (MC) may increase. The goal of NIDDM therapy is to maintain normal concentrations of blood glucose and lipid profiles by having regular meals, controlling alcohol drinking, quitting smoking, and performing physical exercise regularly. This study was performed to investigate the dietary and health-related lifestyle habits and blood parameters of NIDDM patients of both genders and compared these characteristics between the patients with and without MC. Our results show that the subjects with MC compared to without MC and the female patients than the males controlled their diets more regularly, tended to regulate the number of meals better, and smoke less than those without MC. Although plasma lipid profiles were not significantly different between the genders and between the subjects with and without MC, the men had higher blood glucose and plasma tHcy concentrations than the women and plasma tHcy concentration was higher in the female subjects without MC. These results imply that the male patients of NIDDM without MC might have more problems in maintaining their blood glucose. In addition, smoking may be the most important life-style factor influencing some blood parameters like blood glucose, HbAlc, and total cholesterol in the NIDDM patients.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.880-887
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• 2017

Purpose. This study was conducted from the period of April 12th, 2017 to April 26th, 2017. The questionnaires were distributed among a group of 76 adults aged 20 years or older, who participated in the prevention program of the department of dental hygiene at Busan Metropolitan City. The negative questionnaire was finally analyzed. Methods. The SPSS program was used for analysis of this study. The general characteristics of the subjects were t-test and one-way, ANOVA(by Scheffe post-test) for a PHP index (Patient Hygiene Performance index) according to frequency analysis, general characteristics, smoking and drinking behavior, and dietary behavior. Results. As a result of an examination of the PHP index(Patient Hygiene Performance index) ac- cording to smoking and drinking behavior, the amount of alcohol drunk was statistically higher than that of 'soju that was not drunk'(P<0.05). As a result of the PHP index (Patient Hygiene Performance index) according to dietary behavior, 'vegetarians' were statistically higher than 'Carnivorous oriented' individuals (P<0.05). Moreover, individuals who regularly 'drank almost no water' were statistically significantly higher than those who 'drank water steadily'.(P<0.05). Conclusion. As a result, appropriate management is required for oral health of the patient, Oral health education is needed to systematically consider smoking, drinking, and eating habits when taking into consideration the individual oral environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.371-379
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences and the influencing factors of health habits such as smoking, drinking, and exercise on job stress among IT workers. Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to total of 300 people (30 persons per business place) at 10 IT work sites performing computer and information system tasks, and 275 data points were analyzed. The survey items were general characteristics, occupational characteristics, employment type, physical burden, amount of drinking, smoking, exercise, and job stress. Results: The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, non-regular workers showed higher smoking, exercise, and job stress than did regular workers by employment type, but exercise was not significant. Regular workers had a higher rate of drinking than non-regular workers. Second, the factors affecting alcohol drinking were gender and age, and factors affecting smoking were gender and employment type. Third, factors affecting job stress were annual income, long working hours, physical burden, and employment type. Conclusions: It is necessary to consider employment patterns in smoking, drinking, and job stress management. In addition, it is necessary to deeply analyze what affects the health behaviors and job stress of IT workers and explore ways to mitigate them.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.71-94
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• 1987

Aiming to investigate nutrient intake and food habits influenced by smoking for female college students in Seoul, the questionnaire survey for 763 students was carried out. The results of the survey was summarized as follows: 1. 9.7% of students were found as the current smokers and 18.9% of students had experienced of smoking, however stopped smoking at present(experienced smokers) respectively. 2. In the current smokers, they started smoking with friends at the first (58.9%), alone (27.4%), and with seniors (11.0%) respectively. The psychological frustration (52.2%), curiosity (28.4%) respectively motivated smoking behavior at the beginning. The most had smoking usually at the entertaining place such as restaurant. Only 6.4% of current smokers consumed more than 10 cigarettes daily, and 55% of current smokers inhaled deeply into the lung while they smoked. Even 26% of current smokers explained their intention of not smoking after marriage, and also about 95% of current smokers explained to stop smoking in the case of pregnancy. 3. It was found as the fact that the school age, economic status, and parental smoking affected their prevalence of cigarette smoking. The higher their schoolage, the higher smoking showed; the more their money spent and the lower father smoking showed ; the more their money spent and the lower father's educational level, the higher smoking showed; the more drink, the higher smoking showed. 4. The value evaluation of cigarette smoking also affected the prevalence of cigarette smoking. Of the students recognized advantageous parts of smoking, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher. 5. Logistic regression analysis was to determine the most effective factor which determined prevalence of cigarette smoking. The most effective factor was value evaluation of cigarette smoking. The order of effective factors was health value of cigarette smoking, their drinking capacity and the value evaluation of change in body weight due to smoking and smoking's advantages. 6. Cigarette smoking showed signs of affecting to food habits. In the case of smoking, the missing rate of taking regular meals was higher, and the frequency rate of taking regular meals was lower. Also, smokers took meals less regularly. Even the smokers took less candy than non-smokers, however, smokers liked to take more coffee, alcohol, and hot tasting food than non-smokers. 7. Smoking seemed to affect the nutritional status. It was found that smokers took many kinds of nutrients insufficiently, therefore their calory intake by age was not reached to RDA.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2007

Background: This study evaluated the accuracy of smoking habit from the data obtained from the medical records of lung cancer patients against the data obtained form face-to-face interview questionnaires Methods: The smoking habits of 225 lung cancer patients were categorized into never smoked, ex-smoker and current smoker in face-to-face interview questionnaire and medical record taken at the time of admission for a diagnosis. The overall agreement between two sources was evaluated. The factors affecting the disagreement between two sources and the level of data omission of the smoking habits in medical records were analyzed suing multiple logistic regression. Results: The smoking habit between two sources showed moderate overall agreement(Kappa $({\kappa})=0.60$). The lowest agreement was observed in the ex-smokers(${\kappa}=0.49$). Multivariate analysis revealed an age of 65 or older to be a statistically significant factor associated with the increasing disagreement risk compared with those 64 or younger (OR 3.02; 95% CI 1.58-5.80). The omission rate of smoking habits in the medical records was 18.2%. Adenocarcinoma was shown to be a statistically significant factor of associated with an increasing omission rate compared with squamous cell carcinoma (OR 3.00; 95% CI 1.19-7.59). Conclusion: The smoking habits obtained from medical record moderately reflect their true behavior. However, the smoking habit data from medical record should be used with caution when being used in a clinical study or cohort study of lung cancer.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.1 s.29
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• pp.33-42
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• 1990

This study was conducted to find out the relationship between the stress perception and health habits with 426 industrial workers using the GARS(Global assessment of recent stress) scale. The results were as follows : 1. The mean scores of stress perception were higher in female, more educated and divorced. There were no evident trends of mean scores of stress perception in age, monthly income and years worked. 2. The stress perception by health habits and sex showed significant difference in physical exercise and smoking variables. The higher health bit index, the lower degree of stress perception in male, but higher in female reversely. 3. The health habits and demographic variables were classified by five factors. Factors of sleeping hours, body mass index, and taste containing smoking and alcohol drinking had relatively high relation to stress perception. The explanation power of factors and variables was relatively low as 3.4%.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.100-109
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the factors that predict a current smoking behavior and higher emotional stress among male patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: The study was approved by an institutional review board from a university hospital, 2010. A face to face interview using questionnaires was performed with 185 first-time ACS male patients who were undertaken a percutaneous coronary intervention at a cardiovascular care unit. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 15.0. Results: About 54% of the study subjects were currently smoking. The current smokers had dyslipidemia and reported bad eating habits compared to the non-smokers. The current smokers were younger, living alone, and reported lower perceived benefit on smoking cessation than the non-smokers, and 15% of them did not consider quitting (precontemplation stage). Smoking status was not significantly related to emotional stress. Logistic regression analysis revealed that being employed including professional or labor increased the odds of current smoking four or three times compared to the non-employed or retired. Low income or dyslipidemia also increased the likelihood of current smoking 2.8 and 2.1 times, respectively. Blue collar workers or heavy drinkers had 2.9 and 2.8 times more risks of having higher level of stress. Conclusion: An occupational background and health habits should be considered to develop an effective educational strategy for smoking cessation and stress reduction among male patients with ACS.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2002

Objective : To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking, alcohol and cancer mortality in men in the Kangwha cohort after 12 years and 10 months of follow up. Methods : The subjects consisted of 2,681 men in the Kangwha cohort aged over 55 in 1985. Number of deaths and the time to death front all cancers and other cause were measured and the data for the smoking and drinking habits were obtained from the baseline survey data in 1985. All subjects were categorized into four groups according to their smoking habits: non-smokers, ex-smokers, mode(ate-smokers (1-19 cigarettes per day), heavy-smokers ($\geq$20 cigarettes per day). In addition, they were also categorized according to their drinking habits: non-drinkers, light-drinkers ($\leq$1 drink per week), moderate-drinkers (<3 drinks per day), heavy-drinkers ($\geq$3 drinks per day). The cancer specific death rates were calculated according to their smoking and drinking status. The adjusted risk ratio for all cancer deaths according to their smoking and drinking status were estimated using the Cox's proportional hazard regression model. Results : Using nonsmokers as the reference category, the adjusted risk ratio for all cancer deaths were 1.573(95% CI=1.003-2.468) for heavy-smokers. For lung cancer deaths, the adjusted risk ratios were 3.540(95% CI=1.251-10.018) for moderate-smoker and 4.114(95% CI=1.275-13.271) for heavy-smokers. Compared to non-drinkers, the adjusted risk ratio for stomach cancer was 2.204(95% CI=1.114-4.361) for light-drinkers. Conclusion : Smoking is the most significant risk factor for cancer deaths particularly lung cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.217-220
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• 2012

This prospective study records the tobacco related habits among the relatives of patients with advanced head and neck cancers who underwent both surgery and chemotherapy as part of their treatment from September 2009 to March 2010. A total of 200 relatives were interviewed (148 males and 52 females). 198 (99%) were aware of the fact that tobacco use can lead to cancer and 168 (84%) had any one of the habits. Smoking alone was reported in 36 (18%) individuals, pan chewing alone in 66 (33%) and multiple habits in 64 (32%). Alcohol and tobacco chewing alone was reported in one case each. There were change in habits following diagnosis of head and neck cancers among the relatives, 33 (16.5%) stopped their habits and smoking was reduced by 25% in 72 (36%)and by 50% in 63 (31.2%) individuals. However, 135 continued the habit even after the diagnosis of cancer in their relatives. Of note, 15 out of the 33 who quit the habit did it because of health advice given to them during the hospital visit.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2002

The single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay is one of the useful tools for the study of genetic damage in humans exposed to environmental mutagens and carcinogens. This study was undertaken to evaluate the status of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes depending on their sex, age, smoking habits, and other factors in normal healthy Korean population. The 99 volunteers included in the study and out of these, 36 volunteers were smoker and 63 volunteers were non-smoker aged between 20-59 years. All individual answered a questionnaire that assessed their general information including smoking habits and the extent of the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, and blood samples were obtained. There was a statistically significant difference in the extent of DNA damage between smoker and non-smoker (p<0.001). A significant difference was also observed between male and female (p<0.001) and amongst the different group of age (p<0.005), however, correlation analysis showed that only smoking habit was a significant factor for DNA damage. No significant effect of smoking duration, number of cigarettes smoking a day, SPY (smoke pack years) in smokers and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in non-smokers on the status of DNA damage was observed.