• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.515-524
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the amount and duration of smoking on gingival symptoms in adolescents. Methods: We used the web-based survey data of youth health behaviors from 2016 conducted by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The subjects of the study were 67,983 middle and high school students. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS Ver 20.0 program, and complex sample multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze gingival symptoms according to short- or long-term smoking habits. Results: In subjects with short-term smoking habits, there was no significant difference in gingival symptoms according to the smoking amount. However, after adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics and oral health behaviors in subjects with long-term smoking habits, a heavy smoking amount (${\geq}0.52PY$) had a 1.25 times higher effect than a light smoking amount (<0.52 PY) on gingival symptoms. Long-term heavy smoking (${\geq}0.52PY$) and low daily tooth-brushing frequency in high school students were factors affecting gingival symptoms. Conclusions: When conducting a project on the oral health of adolescents, it is argued that specific investigations and measures should be set up regarding health behavior factors, such as the amount and duration of smoking among adolescents.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.1073-1079
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a smoking cessation program on the amount of smoking and nicotine dependence and the self-efficacy of smoking cessation for smoking workers. Methods: The total number of subjects was 38 smokers and was divided into two: 16 smokers were placed in the experimental group and 22 in the control group. A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The smoking cessation program consisted of two sessions and was implemented for two hours daily for five days. Data was analyzed by using the SPSS/WIN 11.0 program with $X^2-test$, t-test or Mann-Whitney U and ANCOVA. Results: After the treatment, those belonging to the experimental group showed a significantly decreased amount of smoking, a decreased nicotine dependency and increased self-efficacy compared to the control group. Conclusion: The smoking cessation program was effective for diminishing the amount of smoking, decreasing nicotine dependence and improving self-efficacy. Therefore, this program is recommended as a smoking cessation strategy for adult smokers.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.62-75
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• 2021

Purpose: Smoking among adolescents is a critical healthcare concern that needs to be tackled with respect to not only intrapersonal and interpersonal factors but also socio-cultural factors. This study was to identify the smoking behaviors and amount of tobacco consumption among adolescents, and to investigate the factors associated with the behaviors and amount. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted based on the theory of triadic influence using a nationally representative secondary data set, the 2018 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N=60,040). The analysis was performed by dividing smoking behaviors into lifetime, current, and daily smoking, and smoking amount into light, moderate, and heavy smoking. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: Overall, 8.2%, 3.2% and 3.4% of the adolescents were involved in lifetime, current, and daily smoking, respectively. In addition, 5.3%, 0.8%, and 0.6% of the adolescents were involved in light, moderate, and heavy smoking, respectively. The factor associated with smoking behaviors and the amount of tobacco consumed were gender, academic achievement, depression, living with family, close friend's smoking, violent victimization, household economic status, and school level (all ps<.05). Conclusion: A considerable number of adolescents are engaged in risky smoking behaviors and consume large amounts of tobacco. Adolescents who said yes to peer smoking, violent victimization, not living with their family, and depressive emotions were more likely to engage in risky smoking behaviors and consume large amounts of tobacco. Tailored interventions to decrease smoking should be planed and provided, while considering the school and home environment and individual needs of adolescents.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.509-516
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• 2001

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of anxiety, depression and self-esteem on the amount of smoking and nicotine dependency among woman smokers. Method: The convenience sample consisted of 121 unmarried woman smokers. The STAI, the CES-D Scale, the Self-Esteem scale and the FTQ were utilized to measure the level of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and nicotine dependency. The amount of smoking was calculated based on the number of cigarette used. Results: Results indicated that woman smokers were depressed. Nicotine dependency was relatively low. Subjects had smoked a mean of 9.58 cigarettes per day. The level of depression influenced on smoking and nicotine dependency. Self-esteem influenced on the amount of smoking and anxiety influenced on nicotine dependency. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the amount of smoking of unmarried woman smokers was very high. Both the amount of smoking and nicotine dependency were affected by levels of depression. Education programs and campaigns are needed to prevent smoking of young adult women.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.217-228
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate determinants of intention of smoking cessation behavior. We sampled 204 university student smokers using questionaires and analyzed the data using the t-test, ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple regression. The results are as follows: 1. The attitudes concerning smoking cessation behavior are related to a student's course of study, religion and is further related to whether or not they tried to stop smoking. The subjective norm is related to smoking cessation recommendations. Perceived behavioral control is related to a growth criterion, the smoking amount and whether or not they have tried to stop smoking. The intention of smoking cessation behavior is related to smoking amount and whether or not they nare tried to stop smoking. 2. Total symptom number is related to smoking amount and smoking period. 3. Total symptom number is related to behavioral belief, attitude, and the intention to stop smoking. In conclusion, it was found that university students smoke far too much, however the intention to stop smoking is very low. Therefore, an intention promoting program of smoking cessation behavior is needed to reduce the smoking rate and relaxation therapy is necessary for in changing health promoting habits.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the directionality of the causal relationship and interaction between depression and amount of smoking over time in hardcore smokers using longitudinal descriptive analysis. Methods: Secondary data from the Korean Welfare Panel Study were analyzed using autoregressive cross-lagged modeling. Participants included 342 hardcore smokers who participated in the 8th to 11th waves of the panel study. Results: Analyses revealed that change(s) in depression levels according to time had a significant positive relationship with the total amount of smoking per day (${\beta}=.29$, ${\beta}=.19$, ${\beta}=.17$, p<.001), while change(s) in total amount of smoking per day according to time had a significant positive relationship with depression (${\beta}=.43$, ${\beta}=.50$, ${\beta}=.38$, p<.001). Analysis of the cross-lagged effect between depression and total amount of smoking per day showed that depression at one time point had a significantly positive relationship with the total amount of smoking per day at the next time point (${\beta}=.14$, ${\beta}=.13$, ${\beta}=.13$, p=.021), and that the total amount of smoking per day at one time point had a significant positive relationship with depression at the next time point (${\beta}=.04$, ${\beta}=.04$, ${\beta}=.03$, p=.044). Conclusion: The findings in the present study confirmed a cross-interaction between depression and total amount of smoking per day in hardcore smokers. The present findings could be used to develop appropriate smoking-related interventions.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.51-68
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to explain the relationship between smoking status, smoking behavior and hardiness in university students in Gangnung City. The subjects were a convenience sample of 315 students. The data were collected by a questionnaire given to the students between May 22 to June 2, 2000. An instrument developed by Akers & Gang(1996) and translated by Sohn, Jung-Nam(1999) was used in this study to measure definition of smoking, differential reinforcement of smoking and smoking behavior. The differential peer association scale developed Krohn et al.(1982) and translated by Sohn, Jung-Nam(1999), and the hardiness scale developed by Pollock(1984) and translated by Suh, Mun-Sa(1988) were also used. The data were analyzed using the SAS/PC+ Program and included descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Spearman correlation coefficients. The results of this study are as follows : 1. The smoking rate for university students was 50.5% of which 44.7% started smoking in high school. 2. The mean score for level of hardiness was $3.14{\pm}0.43$ 3. The mean score for smoking behavior was as follows : 1) The mean score for the neutralizing definition was $2.16{\pm}0.57$ 2) The mean score for the negative definition was $2.37{\pm}0.71$ 3) The mean score for the positive differential reinforcement was $1.89{\pm}0.63$ 4) The mean score for the negative differential reinforcement was $2.96{\pm}0.64$ 5) The mean score for the differential peer association was $2.67{\pm}1.05$ 4. The data showed positive correlations between hardiness and the neutralizing definition(r=.1951, P<.001), between hardiness and the positive differential reinforcement(r=.1128, P<.05), between hardiness and the amount of smoking per day(r=.1452, P<.05) between the neutralizing definition and positive differential reinforcement(r=.4212, P<.0001), between the neutralizing definition and differential peer association(r=.1856, P<.001), between the neutralizing definition and age at smoking initiation(r=.1582, P<.05), between the negative definition and negative differential reinforcement(r=.2985, P<.0001), between the positive differential reinforcement and differential peer association(r=.3451, P<.0001), between positive differential reinforcement and the amount of smoking per day(r=.4431, P<.0001), between differential peer association and the duration of smoking(r=.2789, P<.0001), between differential peer association and the amount of smoking per day(r=.5410, P<.0001), between the duration of smoking and the amount of smoking per day(r=.4245, P<.0001). The data showed negative correlations between the neutralizing definition and the negative definition(r=-.2065, P<.001) between the neutralizing definition and negative differential reinforcement(r=-.3943, P<.0001) between the neutralizing definition and duration of smoking(r=-.1957, P<.05), between the negative definition and positive differential reinforcement(r=-.2093, P<.001), between the negative definition and the amount of smoking per day(r=-.2282, P<.001), between positive differential reinforcement and negative differential reinforcement(r=-.5555, P<.0001) between negative differential reinforcement and differential peer association(r=-.3653, P<.0001), between negative differential reinforcement and the amount of smoking per day(r=-.4570, P<.0001), between the age at smoking initiation and the duration of smoking(r=-.4594, P<.0001).

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the effects of a program to improve self-esteem and smoking cessation self-efficiency on smoking high school students' self-esteem, smoking cessation self-efficiency, amount of smoking, cotinine in urine, and carbon monoxide while exhalation. Methods: This research was conducted as a quasi-experimental pretest and posttest control and experimental group methodological comparison study. The subjects were 45 smoking high school students (Exp.=22, Cont.=23) in U City. Data were collected from October 19 to December 7, 2010, and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program by frequency, Mann-Whitney test, means, standard deviations, and Willcoxon signed rank test. Results: After the treatment, those belonging to the experimental group showed significantly increased self-esteem and smoking cessation self-efficacy and also showed decreased amount of smoking, cotinine in urine, and carbon monoxide while exhalation compared to the control group. Conclusion: The self-esteem and smoking cessation self-efficacy improvement program was effective in improving self-esteem and smoking cessation self-efficacy and in diminishing the amount of smoking, cotinine in urine and carbon monoxide while exhalation. Therefore, this program is recommended as a smoking cessation strategy for smoking adolescents.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify any influence of socioeconomic status on smoking and smoking cessation in a situation where genetic factors are controlled. Methods: The sample for this study was 2502 members of the twins and families cohort who participated in the Korean Healthy Twins Study from 2005 to 2009. Groups of brothers or sisters, including twins and fraternal twins, were compared in terms of smoking and smoking cessation behaviors according to differences in socioeconomic status and gender. Results: In a situation with complete control of genetic factors, results showed that the daily smoking amount, cumulative smoking amount, and dependence on nicotine decreased with higher-status occupations, and the rate of smoking and amount of cumulative smoking decreased with higher levels of education. Regarding smoking cessation behavior, a higher level of education was associated with a lower smoking cessation rate, and no significant gender differences were found. Conclusions: Environmental factors had a stronger influence on smoking behavior than did genetic factors. Genetic factors had greater influence on smoking cessation than did environmental factors; however, this requires verification in further studies.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.162-169
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to estimate the determinants of the smoking demands of university students. For this study, a total of four four-year universities and two-year colleges in Seoul and provincial areas were surveyed. The model for analyzing the demand for smoking was applied with a double hurdle model, and determinants to participate in smoking in the first stage and the amount of smoking in the second stage were analyzed. According to the analysis results, the determinants to participate in smoking as a first stage are gender, grade, college type, major category, and parents' income, which have a statistically significant effect, and the analysis of the amount of smoking as a second has been analyzed as the variables that influence gender, grade, college location, major, parents' income type and income amount.