• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.30-39
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• 2020

This study was conducted to identify problems in domestic flame-retardant performance specifications. Currently, the domestic wallcovering anti-inflammatory regulations are not prepared for damage caused by smoke, with the carbonized area as the main function. In particular, given that smoke is the main cause of human casualties and injuries in a fire, it is reasonable that the flame density and toxicity of the wallcovering should also be the main performance indicators. The scope and method of research in this study were as follows. First, a prior study related to fire on various wallcoverings was considered. Second, it raised questions about the effects of smoke in the event of a fire and domestic anti-inflammatory performance tests. Third, textile wallcovering samples were manufactured with viscose rayon for experimental verification of the problems and tested by Korean and EU standards without flame retardant processing to analyze the differences between each regulation. Fourth, the performance of flame retardant wallcovering according to Korean standards was evaluated using smoke density and harmful gas testing methods. The results of each test were as follows. Non-fire retardant wallcovering was rejected by Korea standards. However, B-s1.d0 in Europe. Smoke density testing and harmful gas by domestic combustion processing on the same sample showed that the smoke density increased about 4.3 times more than before, and the harmful gas test showed that the suspension of the post-processing sample slowed earlier than the non-processed sample.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.20 no.4 s.64
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• pp.26-32
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• 2006

Nowadays in Korea, KS F 2271 has been using for the test of fire safety performance of sandwich panels. Smoke toxicity test is the test for the toxicity evaluation of smoke and hazardous gas, caused by combustion of building materials and finishing materials. Smoke toxicity can be evaluated by the mean incapacitation time of mice; however this method is not a quantitative way. This test result can be influenced by the health status of mice and test condition. Specific optical density can be quantitatively measured by ISO 5659-2 single chamber method and toxic gases can be quantitatively measured by FTIR analysis. In this study, specific optical density of sandwich panel insulations, which are widely used in Korea, were tested using the ISO 5659-2 single chamber test method and compared with each test. Also, in the second test of three tests for each specimen, FTIR analysis was performed and quantitative test results(HCl, $NO_2$, etc) were compared with each test result.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 2012

Objectives: We measured the density of smoke and harmful gases emitted from burning adhesive indirect moxa. Through the test we aimed to find out if there was an excessive amount of smoke emitted and if it included harmful gases. Methods: 9 types of adhesive indirect moxa were chosen. The buffer layers which do not burn during treatment were removed and 10g of each moxa were made into powder and put into a holder. A smoke density chamber (Smoke Density Chamber FTT. U.K) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR I 4001. MIDAC U.S.A.) were used to measure the density of smoke and harmful gases emitted from burning moxa by ISO 5659-2 test. Results: The result of measuring maximum smoke density showed that the regular indirect adhesive moxa (A-F) emitted high density smoke of 172.1-291.4Ds. The smokeless moxas, Seoam moxas, emitted the least amount of 3.4-5.5Ds. Concentrations of 7 typical harmful gases (CO, HCl, HCN, HBr, HF, SO2, NOx) were measured and all of the moxas emitted CO due to incomplete combustion. 4 types of moxa emitted NOx and all smokless moxas emitted NOx. HBr, HCN, HCl, HF, SO2 were not found in any of the moxas. Conclusions: The amount of harmful gases emitted from burning moxa was much lower than short-term exposure standards of chemical and physical factors (Ministry of Labor 2010-44). Further experiments measuring gases from moxa combustion should be done in larger environments similar to normal medical clinics.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.94-102
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• 2011

Hot smoke test is done in a subway tunnel. Alcohol trays of 1.0 MW and smoke generators are used for generating hot smoke. The fans equipped with the tunnel are successively run 9 min after smoke generation. It is verified how hot smoke is controlled by fans. Velocity and direction of flow, temperature and smoke density are measured and analyzed for smoke control performance of the tunnel with fans and analyzed from the fire-safety-point of view. Velocity of smoke flow is obtained by using measured velocity and temperature at the ceiling of the tunnel. The time when smoke-control flow is builded up is different for the different positions. Velocity distributions at various positions will be used for the boundaries and the comparison data in numerical simulations for evaluation on smoke-control facilities of subway tunnel.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.251-254
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• 2001

In this paper, we analyzed the properties change of electric wire when the thermal stress was applied to NFR-8 and FR-PVC 600[V] wire. Messurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke accumulating with in a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. Referenced documents were ASTM E662 standard test method for specific Ds genalated by solid materials. The furnace control system shall maintain the required irradiance level under steady-state condition with the chamber door closed of $2.5{\pm}0.04[w/cm^{2}]$ for 20 min. According to the results of the smoke density analysis of NFR-8 and FR-PVC the highest decomposition flaming smoke density range of NFR-8 and FR-PVC were 25.2 to 37.5 and 51.1 respectively. Nonflaming smoke density range of NFR-8 and FR-PVC were 100.4 to 112.2 and 126.5 to 398.8. The amount of carbon monoxide generated was found to be much higher in FR-PVC decomposition than in NFR-8 due to incomplete combustion of FR-PVC which has high content of carbon in compound.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.251-254
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• 2001

In this paper, we analysed the properties change of electric wire when the thermal stress was applied to NFR-8 and FR-PVC [600] wire. Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke accumulating with in a closed chamber due to nonflamining pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. Referenced documents were ASTM E662 standard test method for specific Ds generated by solid materials. The furnace control system shall maintain the required irradiance level under steady-state condition with the chamber door closed of 2.5${\pm}$0.04[w/$\textrm{cm}^2$] for 20 min. According to the results of the smoke density analysis of NFR-8 and FR-PVC the highest decomposition flaming smoke density range of NFR-8 and FR-PVC were 7.2 to 77.5 and 51.1 respectively. Nonflaming smoke density range of NFR-8 and FR-PVC were 100.4 to 112.2 and 126.5 to 398.8. The amount of carbon monoxide generated was found to be much higher in FR-PVC decomposition than in NFR-8 due to incomp1ete combustion of FR-PVC which has high content of carbon in compound.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 2002

For low-smoke-type polyolefin compound, LDPE, EVA, and EEA as base resin, magnesium trihydrate, alumina trihydrate, and red phosphorous as flame retardant and MAH type compatibilizer were applied. The amount of each component was changed to find out optimum composition. Mechanical properties were obtained by tensile test and residual stress after aging and flame retardancy was evaluated by smoke density, LOI(Limit Oxygen Index), and UL-94 test. SEM was used for the investigation or morphology and halogen contents were obtained by measuring the amount of HCI. Two kinds of halogen free compositions for flame retardant and low smote resin were found and it is expected to be applied for various purposes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Marine Engineers Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.19-20
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• 2006

The emission of particulate matter from marine diesel engines is already restricted by regional regulations in some countries, and IMO has been preparing the regulation for particulate matter from 53rd MEPC. But confusingly, the gravimetric PM measurement methods and procedures are not established clearly yet. On the other hand, smoke measurement method is set clearly, and it can also indicate PM, though it is not direct gravimetric method. As the preparing step for regulations about PM, we measured the smote density of exhaust emission from the marine four-stroke diesel engines operated in constant speed and various load steps on the test-bed, using the filter-type smoke measuring instrument. As a result, we understood the omission characteristics of smoke from the engines. Additionally, to obtain the objective reliability of our measurement data, we carried out experimental studies about various measuring parameters that could affect the smoke density.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 2008

In this study, the characteristics of emulsified fuel and engine emissions were studied. Emulsified fuel which composed of water and diesel was manufactured by using homogenizer and ultrasonic generator. Engine emissions were studied whit engine dinamometer. In emulsified fuel, density and viscosity were increased with increasing water contents, but viscosity was decreased over 60% of water in emulsion fuel. The emulsion type of W/O changed to that of O/W over 60% of water in emulsion fuel. In the results of engine dinamometer test, NOx concentration and smoke density were reduced with increasing water contents in emulsified fuel but reciprocal in the case of THC, CO. Temperature and power were reduced with increasing water contents in emulsion fuel. In conclusion, it seemed that using emulsified fuel for diesel engine was effective for reducing NOx concentration and smoke density.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.19 no.1 s.57
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

In this paper, The experimental materials of painted fire resistant paint on substrate, FRP, PVC, AL and stainless steel that fire resistant paint developed newly were evaluated as the hazard elements : the fire resistibility of the materials, fire spread test of flame, the oxygen index, flammability, the smoke density. the toxicity index from it when it burned. As a result of the experiments, the AL and the stainless steel were passed of fire resistant class 1, the FRP, the AL, and the stainless steel were ignited of fire spread test of flame, all the experimental materials showed about $50\%$ of oxygen index, V-0 of flammability, and 43-338 of maximum smoke density at flaming mode used smoke density chamber. Also, they showed that the toxicity index of combustion products were 0.57-1.12.