• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of alleviating inflammation through creating skin fat barrier from Scutellaria baicalensis extract. Methods Four-week-old Balb/C mice were divided into four groups: control group (Ctrl), lipid barrier eliminated group (LBEG), dexamethasone (DM) treated group after lipid barrier elimination (DMTG), and Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) treated group after lipid barrier elimination (SBTG). Scutellaria baicalensis extract were administered for 5 days after removal of the fat barrier. Changes in skin condition, improvement of the fat barrier, and relief of inflammation were observed in each group. Results Compared to LBEG and DMTG, pathological skin damage and tissue changes were less in SBTG, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and pH were also significantly reduced. Filaggrin was also significantly increased in SBTG. KLK7, PAR-2, and TSLP in SBTG also showed significant reduction compared to the LBEG and DMTG. Conclusions Scutellaria baicalensis extract restores skin barrier and relieves inflammation through the creation of skin fat barrier. This means that the Scutellaria baicalensis extract can regulate Th2 differentiation through the creation of the epithelial fat barrier.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2020

Objectives This study is conducted to evaluate Th2 skewed condition control through skin fat barrier formation from the treatment using Coptidis Rhizoma and Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract. Methods The 6-week-old NC/Nga mice were divided into 4 groups: Control group (Ctrl), lipid barrier eliminate treatment group (LBET), Coptidis Rhizoma and Glycyrrhiza uralensis feeding treatment after lipid barrier elimination group (CGFT), dexamethasone feeding treatment after lipid barrier elimination group (DxFT). After 3 days, differences in skin condition, improvement of skin fat barrier, and control of Th2 skewed condition of each group were observed. Results Pathologic skin damage and tissue changes were less in the CGFT group than in the LBET and DxFT groups, and Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and pH were also significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The filaggrin intensity and positive response also increased significantly in the CGFT group (p < 0.05). Kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) 7, Protease activated receptor (PAR)-2, Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), Interleukin (IL)-4, and the products of the Th2 differentiation process also showed a significant decrease compared to the LBET and DxFT groups (all p < 0.05). Conclusions The Coptidis Rhizoma and Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract causes skin barrier recovery and function recovery through the formation of skin fat barrier. This leads to the conclusion that Coptidis Rhizoma and Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract can control Th2 differentiation through the formation of skin fat barrier.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.156-166
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to confirm the regulate effect of T helper (Th) 2 differentiation that Baekho-tang extract may produce to improves skin lipid barrier damages. Methods Four-weeks-old NC/Nga mice were divided into four groups: control group (Ctrl, n=10), lipid barrier eliminated group (LBE, n=10), Dexamethasone treatment after lipid barrier elimination group (DxT, n=10), and Baekho-tang extract treatment group after lipid barrier elimination group (BHTT, n=10). Baeko-tang extract was administered for 3 days after removal of the skin fat barrier in BHTT group. Then, we identified changes in external symptoms of the skin, factors affecting skin barrier such as potential of hydrogen (pH), filaggrin (FLG), transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and Th2 differentiation factors like Interleukin (IL)-4, Kallikrein Related Peptidase 7 (KLK7) and protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) through our immunohistochemistry. Results After lipid barrier elimination, the reduction of morphological skin inflammations was less in BHTT group than in LBE group and DxT group. Also, pH and TEWL were significantly decreased with BHTT group. However, FLG was significantly increased in BHTT group compared to LBE, DxT, and Ctrl group. All kinds of Th2 differentiation factors (IL-4, KLK7 and PAR-2) were also decreased in BHTT compared to the LBE and DxT. Conclusions As a result of this study, BHT administration decreased pH, TEWL, and increased FLG, thus participating in recovering damaged skin barrier. Since Th2 differentiation factors were decreased as well, BHT's regulatory effect in sequential immune reactions may be a possible explanation of how it enhances recovery of the damaged lipid barrier.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.14-23
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• 2017

Objectives This study is conducted to evaluate skin fat barrier formation of Hataedock using the Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract. Methods The 3-week-old NC/Nga mice were divided into 3 groups: control group (Ctrl), Hataedock-treated group that uses the Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis (CGT) extract, and Hataedock-treated group that uses Bifidobacterium (BBT). After 2 weeks, changes in immunohistochemicals, and skin-lipid-barrier regulators were observed for the effects of Hataedock. Results In CGT group, loricrin-positive reaction has been increased by 231%, along with involucrin-positive reaction by 90%, filaggrin-positive reaction by 143%, and ASM-positive reaction by 341% in the stratum corneum. Conclusions Hataedock, using the extract of Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis, increased the expression of proteins promoting keratinocyte differentiation. This leads into conclusion that Hataedock may increase the keratinocyte formation and function which promotes skin barrier formation.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2022

Objectives The purpose of this study is to confirm the regulate effect of T helper (Th) 2 differentiation that Sabaek-san extract may produce to improves skin lipid barrier damage. Methods Four-weeks-old NC/Nga mice were divided into four groups: control group (Ctrl, n=10), lipid barrier eliminated group (LBE, n=10), Dexamethasone treatment after lipid barrier elimination group (DXT, n=10), and Sabaek-san extract treatment group after lipid barrier elimination (SBT, n=10). Sabaek-san extract was administered for 3 d after removal of the skin fat barrier in SBT group. Then, we identified changes in external symptoms of the skin, factors affecting skin barrier such as potential of hydrogen (pH), filaggrin, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and Th2 differentiation factors like Interleukin (IL)-4, Kallikrein Related Peptidase 7 (KLK7), and protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) through our immunohistochemistry. Results After lipid barrier elimination, the reduction of morphological skin inflammations was less in SBT group than in LBE and DXT group. Also, pH and TEWL were significantly decreased with SBT group. However, filaggrin was significantly increased in SBT group compared to LBE, DXT, and Ctrl group. All kinds of Th2 differentiation factors (IL-4, KLK7 and PAR-2) were also decreased in SBT compared to the LBE and DXT. Conclusions As a result of this study, SBT administration decreased pH, TEWL, and increased filaggrin, thus participating in recovering damaged skin barrier. Since Th2 differentiation factors were decreased as well, SBT's regulatory effect in sequential immune reactions may be a possible explanation of how it enhances recovery of the damaged lipid barrier.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.74-85
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• 2018

Objectives: HTD treatment is a traditional preventive therapy for neonatal inflammatory diseases such as AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of HTD treatments for the maintenance and formation of lipid barrier in Dermatophagoides farina-induced obese NC/Nga mice. Methods: 20 mg/kg of CRGR extracts as HTD treatments were orally administered to NC/Nga mice. To induce obesity, high fat diet was served. Dermatophagoides farina extracts was applied on the 4th-6th and 8th-10th weeks to induce AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Changes of skin conditions in mice were observed by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Results: The results showed that HTD treatments effectively maintained and formed the lipid barrier. In the experimental groups, restorations of Lass2 expression and distributions of filaggrin, involucrin, loricrin, ASM, and LXR means that HTD treatments maintained and generated the lipid barrier. In the dermal papillae, HTD treatments reduced PKC production accompanied by epidermis damage. Furthermore, levels of IL-4, and STAT6 was low. HTD treatment may be effective for preventing inflammation induced by Th2-skewed condition by suppressing the main pathway of Th2 differentiation. Conclusions: HTD treatment alleviated the inflammatory damage in the skin tissues of the NC/Nga mice by maintaining the lipid barrier and suppressing Th2 differentiation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.457-465
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• 2019

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) often suffer from diverse skin disorders, which might be attributable to skin barrier dysfunction. To explore the role of lipid alterations in the epidermis in DM skin disorders, we quantitated 49 lipids (34 ceramides, 14 free fatty acids (FFAs), and cholesterol) in the skin epidermis, liver, and kidneys of db/db mice, a Type 2 DM model, using UPLC-MS/MS. The expression of genes involved in lipid synthesis was also evaluated. With the full establishment of hyperglycemia at the age of 20 weeks, remarkable lipid enrichment was noted in the skin of the db/db mice, especially at the epidermis and subcutaneous fat bed. Prominent increases in the ceramides and FFAs (>3 fold) with short or medium chains ($LXR{\alpha}/{\beta}$ and $PPAR{\gamma}$, nuclear receptors promoting lipid synthesis, lipid synthesis enzymes such as elongases 1, 4, and 6, and fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase were highly expressed in the skin and livers of the db/db mice. Collectively, our study demonstrates an extensive alteration in the skin and systemic lipid profiles of db/db mice, which could contribute to the development of skin disorders in DM.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.178-186
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• 2014

Many recent studies have focused on maintaining a healthy life by preventing and/or postponing the aging process. Numerous studies have reported that continuous exposure to reactive oxygen species can stimulate skin aging and that excessive accumulation of fat can cause an impaired skin barrier and tissue structure alterations. Thus, the maintenance of antioxidant homeostasis and the suppression of adipose accumulation are important strategies for skin anti-aging. Here, we prepared three types of extracts [whole juice, acetone-perchloric acid (PCA), and ethanol] from 20 fruits and medicinal herbs native to the Gyeongnam area of Korea. The total phenolic content of each extract was analyzed, and we observed higher total phenolic contents in the medicinal herbs. Consistent with this, the results of the oxygen radical absorbance activity capacity assay indicated that the in vitro antioxidant activities of the medicinal herb extracts were stronger than those of the fruit extracts. The fruits and medicinal herbs had strong effects on cell-based systems, including $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in human keratinocytes and 3T3-L1 lipid accumulation. Nishimura Wase persimmon, Taishu persimmon, wrinkled giant hyssop, sweet wormwood, Chinese cedar, red perilla, tan shen, hiyodori-jogo, and cramp bark may be natural anti-aging materials with effective antioxidant and anti-adipogenic activities. Taken together, our findings may provide scientific evidence supporting the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals from fruits and medicinal herbs.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2024

비타민 D는 주로 자외선에 의해 피부에서 만들어지는 지용성 비타민이다. 멜라토닌과 함께 대표적인 '크로노바이오틱(chronobiotic)' 물질로써 피부가 낮과 밤을 구분하는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 하지만 비타민 D는 조효소 역할을 하는 비타민이자 여러 종류의 유전자 발현을 조절하는 호르몬적 역할을 하기 때문에 화장품에 직접적으로 사용할 수 없다. 따라서 화장품에 사용할 수 있는 비타민 D 전구체인 프로 비타민 D (7-dehydrocholesterol)의 피부 효능에 대해서 알아보고자 하였다. 그 결과, 프로 비타민 D는 멜라닌 생성 효소인 타이로시네이즈(tyrosinase)의 단백질 발현을 억제하여 멜라닌 생성을 억제할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 피부톤 케어 효과는 인공 피부에서도 검증되었다. 또한 프로 비타민 D는 피부 염증을 일으키는 TNFa의 발현을 억제하고, 자외선에 의해 비타민 D로 전환되면 항균 펩타이드인 CAMP (LL-37)의 발현을 증가시킨다는 것이 확인되었다. 프로 비타민 D가 멜라닌 생성을 억제하는 것은 멜라닌이 자외선을 흡수하여 프로 비타민 D가 비타민 D로 전환되는 것을 억제하기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 따라서 화장품 제형에 프로 비타민 D를 활용한다면 피부톤을 조절하고 피부 면역을 증진시킴과 동시에 일상 생활 속에서 자외선에 의해 비타민 D 전환되면 다른 피부 효능, 즉 피부 항노화, 장벽 기능 향상 등도 기대할 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1738-1751
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• 2020

피부는 표피, 진피, 피하지방의 세 부분으로 나누어져 있으며, 표피의 가장 윗부분에 존재하는 각질층은 약물의 피부 전달을 방해하는 장벽 역할을 한다. 나노에멀젼은 특유의 작은 입자크기 때문에 세포간 지질을 통과하여 약물의 피부전달에 효과적이라고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 α-bisabolol의 효과적인 피부흡수를 위해 반응표면분석법(response surface methodology, RSM)을 이용하여 상반전온도(phase inversion temperature, PIT) 유화법으로 제조한 α-bisabolol을 함유한 나노에멀젼을 최적화하였다. 예비실험으로 25-2 일부요인배치법과 23 요인배치법이 수행되었다. 요인배치법의 결과를 바탕으로 계면활성제(6.3~12.6%), 보조계면활성제(5.2~7.8%) 및 α-bisabolol (0.5~5.0%) 함량을 인자로 하고 반응 변수를 나노에멀젼의 입자크기로 하는 Box-Behnken design을 수행하였다. RSM 결과에 따라 PIT 나노에멀젼 최적화를 수행하였고, 그 결과 최적의 나노에멀젼 처방 조건은 계면활성제 함량 10.4%, 보조계면활성제 함량 6.3%, α-bisabolol 함량 5.0%로 예측되었다. 피부흡수시험 결과 PIT 나노에멀젼의 최종 피부흡수율은 35.11±1.01%, 대조군인 일반에멀젼의 최종 피부흡수율은 28.25±1.69%로 PIT 나노에멀젼의 피부흡수율이 더 우수함을 확인하였다.