• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2020

The objective of this study is to investigate the skin whitening and antioxidant effects of the Anemarrhenae Rhizoma extract (ARE). Following the previously studied method, we examined the inhibitory effects of melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity by using B16F10 cells. First, we measured the Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, nitrite scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase-like activity to verifying antioxidant efficacy according to skin whitening. In addition, we confirmed the skin whitening efficacy of ARE by measuring gene expression associated with a skin whitening by the Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method in B16F10 cells. In this study, we confirmed that ARE has skin whitening and antioxidant effects at high concentrations. In particular, ARE at a concentration of 500 ㎍/ml inhibited the expression of Tyrosinase, TRP-2 (tyrosinase-related protein), and MITF (microphthalmia transcription factor) genes better than Arbutin. In conclusion, our results confirmed that ARE has the potential for development as a skin whitening efficacy substance.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.5 s.92
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• pp.492-498
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• 2006

Ultraviolet(UV) radiation causes a variety of biological effects on the skin, including inflammation, pigmentation, photoaging and cancer. Free radicals are involved in inflammatory skin reactions induced by UVB radiation. In this study, we investigated the effects of antioxidants(Tea, Korean red ginseng, Ginkgo biloba extract) on UVB-induced skin damage. Tea, KRG and EGb 761 were topically treated to dorsal skin of ICR mouse. The mice were also treated soon after IMED ($1.4KJ/m^{2}$) of UVB irradiation. Skin pigmentation of irradiated mouse was observed by a chromameter after 2 weeks. Topical application of Tea, KRG and EGb 761 for 2 weeks decreased skin pigmentation compared to DVB control group(p<.05). Tea, KRG and EGb 761 also reduced UVB-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells. These results showed that Tea, KRG and EGb 761 as a topical application may have preventive effect against UVB-induced skin damage.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.229-235
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• 2014

Pear skin stains on 'Niitaka' pears, which occur from the growing stage to the cold storage stage, reportedly negatively influence the marketing of pears. These stains on fruit skin are likely due to a pathogenic fungus that resides on the skin and is characterized by dark stains; however, the mycelium of this fungus does not penetrate into the sarcocarp and is only present on the cuticle layer of fruit skin. A pathogenic fungus was isolated from the skin lesions of infected fruits, and its pathogenicity was subsequently tested. According to the pathogenicity test, Mycosphaerella sp. was strongly pathogenic, while Penicillium spp. and Alternaria spp. showed modest pathogenicity. In this present study, we isolated the pathogenic fungus responsible for the symptoms of pears (i.e., dark brown-colored specks) and identified it as Mycosphaerella graminicola based on its morphological characteristics and the nucleotide sequence of the beta-tubulin gene. M. graminicola was pathogenic to the skin of 'Niitaka' pears, which are one of the most widely growing varieties of pears in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.65-68
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• 1999

Clinically, three holstein dairy cattle showed the inappetence and decrease of milk production with severe lameness and pain. Grossly, strawberry-like proliferation of the skin between the heel bulbs were observed 4${\times}$5${\times}$1.5cm in size. Histopathologically, severe hyperplasia of epidermis, parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and multifocal ulceration of cornified cell layer, acanthosis, spongiosis of prickle cell layer and irregular arrangement of basal cell layer were seen. And focally observed the lesions of necrotic vasculitis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, congestion and hemorrhage. Spirochete bacteria were found in necrotic and outer proliferated epidermal cells by Levaditi's silver stain. Clinical and pathological findings were consistent with dermatitis verrucosa.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.446-454
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• 2012

In order to evaluate the efficacy of SHT against atopic dermatitis (AD), various immune related cytokines as well as histological comparison were performed in animal models, and the results are described. Clinical skin index of the SHT treated group decreased significantly in weeks 11 and 13, compared to the control group. Also, CD4+ immune cell ratio in the dorsal skin was significantly decreased to 69%, and both epidermal and dermal skin thickness was decreased. Serum IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and TNF-${\alpha}$, which are all important markers of inflammation, were decreased to 64%, 44%, 87%, 48%, and 45%, respectively. The expression of histamine, a chemical transmitter increasingly released during the progression of inflammation, was significantly decreased to 47%. The production of IgE immunoglobulin was significantly decreased to 16% compared to the control group. In conclusion, SHT pacifies the activation of T cells, leading to suppression of both Th2 cytokine overexpression and infiltration of immune cells into skin. As a result, relative thinning of both epidermis and dermis were observed. With the results obtained from in vitro studies, the immune modulatory effect of SHT in AD animal models was experimentally demonstrated. This study should provide solid information to construct EBM and for clinical practice.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 1991

Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH), known for histiocytosis X, is a clinicopathologic entity characterized by proliferation of Langerhans' cells (LCs) throughout the body including the reticuloendothelial system, bone, and skin. LCs is currently considered as a distinct type of histlocytic cells, not primarily phagocytic in nature. Recently, we could make the diagnosis on cytologic specimen in a 3 month-old-boy and a 3 year-old-boy. The cases were diagnosed on scraping smear from the skin and fine needle aspiration cytology from the lymph node, respectively. The characteristic cytologic features of Langerhans' cells were noted in the nuclei, namely eccentric, indented, elongated, and grooved nuclei. The cells also had abundant and acidophilic cytoplasm. The cytologic diagnoses were confirmed on the biopsies from the skin and lymph node, respectively.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.15-18
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• 2005

The methodology of constitution diagnosis is main concern in sasang constitutional medicine, but highly reliable method is not yet established. So we statistically analyzed the relationship between the constitution and characteristic factors of skin such as thickness, stiffness, roughness, and touch-feeling, using 1079 clinical data registered to SCIB(Sasang constitution Information Bank), and the following results are obtained: The skin of Taeeumin are more thick or more stiff or more rough than other constitutions. The skin of Soeumin are more soft or more feeble or more feeble-refined than other constitutions. The skin of Soyangin are more slippery or more thin or more slippery-refined than other constitutions. The differences written above were proved to be meaningful enough by Chi-square test.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2003

Effect of PCBs on the skin and gill development of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated by histological methodology and morphometric data. The olive flounder were exposed to limit concentration of effulent of PCBs (3.0 ${\mu}g/L$) for 60 days. Skin development can be classified into four stages: SSEL (simple squamous epithelial layer), MCA (mucous cell appearance) & CCA (club cell appearance) DLA (dermal layer appearance), and SEL (startification of epidermal layer) stages. Gill development had five stages: GFA (gill filament appearance), IGFE (identification of early gill filament epithelial cell) MCA (mucous cell appearance), PCA (pillar cell appearance), and FGL (formation of gill lamella) stages. The periods of structural completion of skin and gill were 22-30 days and 23-30 days after hatching in the exposure group respectively. The process of development of skin and gill of the exposure group was very similar to that of the control group. Therefore, PCBs (3 ${\mu}g/L$) have no influence on the development of skin and gill in the larval stage of olive flounder.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.714-720
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• 2007

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration in the skin. This study was performed to assess the therapeutic effects of BHOSB on the DNCB-induced dermatitis in NC/Nga mice, characterized by the onset of AD along with an increase the number of inflammatory cells and dysregulation of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and chemokines. BHOSB administration significantly reduced clinical dermatitis severity including pruritus, edema, eczematous and erythema. Histological findings indicated that the thickening of epidermis/dermis and dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells including mast cells were dramatically reduced. The suppression of dermatitis by BHOSB was accompanied by a decrease in the number of CD11b$^+$/Gr-1$^+$ immune cells in skin but not CD3$^+$/CCR3$^+$ cells. However, the number of CD3$^+$ cells was increased in BHOSB administrated NC/Nga mice. Oral administration of BHOSB significantly reduced the level of IL-6, TNF-a and eotaxin 2 mRNA in skin. These data suggest that BHOSB may be effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.187-192
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of herbal medicine complex (HMC) containing Camellia sinensis L., Duchoesna chrysantha, Houttuynia cordata Thunberg, Poncirus trifoliata Rafinesque on skin inflammation and atopic dermatitis. First, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of HMC in TNF-α induced human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell). Real-time PCR and western blotting were performed to evaluate the expression of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, IL-8) mRNA and protein. Four-weeks old male NC/Nga mice were treated with 1% 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) solution and used as an atopic dermatitis mice model. And, HMC (200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg) was administered directly into the stomach of mice for 4 weeks, and blood or serum analysis, tissue staining were performed after oral gavage. As a result HMC inhibited the mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, and IL-8, which had been increased by TNF-α in HaCaT cells. In addition, the protein expression was also significantly suppressed in the same way as the mRNA expression results. The in vivo experiment results showed that, HMC administration reduced thickening of the epidermis and infiltration of eosinophil into the skin stratum basale compared to DNCB treatment. In addition, HMC administration significantly reduced the inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13) production and immunocyte (white blood cell, lymphocyte, neutrophil, and eosinophil) count compared to DNCB treatment. Moreover, the serum IgE and histamine level was decreased by HMC administration. These results suggest that HMC can be used as effective herbal medicine extract for skin inflammation and atopic dermatitis. And this study may contribute to the development of the herbal medicine-based drug for the treatment of skin inflammation and atopic dermatitis.