• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.10
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• pp.377-382
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• 2012

Purpose: This single-center study aimed to assess the clinical features and surgical approaches and outcomes of complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Methods: TGA patients who had undergone surgical correction at the Kyungpook National University Hospital from January 2000 to December 2010, were retrospectively evaluated for patient characteristics, clinical manifestation, preoperative management, intraoperative findings, postoperative progress, and follow-up status. Results: Twenty-eight patients (17 boys and 11 girls, mean age=$10.6{\pm}21.5$ days) were included and were categorized as follows: group I, TGA with intact ventricular septum (n=13); group II, TGA with ventricular septal defect (VSD, n=12); and group III, TGA/VSD with pulmonary stenosis (n=3). Group I underwent the most intensive preoperative management (balloon atrial septostomy and prostaglandin E1 medication). Group II showed the highest incidence of heart failure (P<0.05). Usual and unusual coronary anatomy patterns were observed in 20 (71%) and 8 patients, respectively. Arterial and half-turned truncal switch operations were performed in 25 and 3 patients (Group III), respectively. Postoperative complications included cardiac arrhythmias (8 patients), central nervous system complications (3 patients), acute renal failure (1 patient), infections (3 patients), and cardiac tamponade (1 patient), and no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. Group II showed the mildest aortic regurgitation on follow-up echocardiograms (P<0.05). One patient underwent reoperation, and 1 died. The overall mortality rate was 4%. Conclusion: Our study showed favorable results in all the groups and no significant difference in postoperative complication, reoperation, and mortality among the groups. However, our results were inadequate to evaluate the risk factors for reoperation and mortality owing to the small number of patients and short follow-up duration.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1615-1620
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• 2010

Bis-[dipyrido[3,2-$\alpha$:2',3'-c]phenazine)$_2$(1,10-phenanthroline)$_2Ru_2$]$^{2+}$ complexes (bis-Ru(II) complexes) tethered by linkers of various lengths were synthesized and their binding properties to DNA investigated by normal absorption and linear dichroism spectra, and fluorescence techniques in this study. Upon binding to DNA, the bis-Ru(II) complex with the longest linker (1,3-bis-(4-pyridyl)-propane), exhibited a negative $LD^r$ signal whose intensity was as large as that in the DNA absorption region, followed by a complicate $LD^r$ signal in the metal-to-ligand charge transfer region. The luminescence intensity of this bis-Ru(II) complex was enhanced. The observed $LD^r$ and luminescence results resembled that of the [Ru(1,10-phenanthroline)$_2$ dipyrido[3,2-$\alpha$:2',3'-c]phenazine]$^{2+}$ complex, whose dipyrido[3,2-$\alpha$:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) ligand has been known to intercalate between DNA bases. Hence, it is conclusive that both dppz ligands of the bis-Ru(II) complex intercalate. The binding stoichiometry, however, was a single intercalated dppz per ~ 2.3 bases, which violates the "nearest binding site exclusion" model for intercalation. The length between the two Ru(II) complexes may be barely long enough to accommodate one DNA base between the two dppz ligands, but not for two DNA bases. When the linker was shorter (4,4'-bipyridine or 1,2-bis-(4-pyridyl)-ethane), the magnitude of the LD in the dppz absorption region, as well as the luminescence intensity of both bis-Ru(II) complexes, was half that of the bis-Ru(II) complex bearing a long linker. This observation can be elucidated by a model whereby one of the dppz ligands intercalates while the other is exposed to the aqueous environment.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.1027-1034
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose a new function embedding method that can measure mathematical projections of probability amplitude, probability, average expectation and matrix elements of stationary-state unit matrix at all control operation points of quantum gates. The function embedding method in this paper is to embed orthogonal normalization condition of probability amplitude for each control operating point into a binary scalar operator by using Dirac symbol and Kronecker delta symbol. Such a function embedding method is a very effective means of controlling the arithmetic power function of a unitary gate in a unitary transformation which expresses a quantum gate function as a tensor product of a single quantum. We present the results of evolutionary operation and projective measurement when we apply the proposed function embedding method to the ternary 2-qutrit cNOT gate and compare it with the existing methods.

• BMB Reports
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2002

The structural aspects of ervatamin B have been studied in different types of alcohol. This alcohol did not affect the structure or activity of ervatamin B under neutral conditions. At a low pH (3.0), different kinds of alcohol have different effects. Interestingly, at a certain concentration of non-fluorinated, aliphatic, monohydric alcohol, a conformational switch from the predominantly $\alpha$-helical to $\beta$-sheeted state is observed with a complete loss of tertiary structure and proteolytic activity. This is contrary to the observation that alcohol induces mostly the $\alpha$helical structure in proteins. The O-state of ervatamin B in 50% methanol at pH 3.0 has enhanced the stability towards GuHCl denaturation and shows a biphasic transition. This suggests the presence of two structural parts with different stabilities that unfold in steps. The thermal unfolding of ervatamin B in the O-state is also biphasic, which confirms the presence of two domains in the enzyme structure that unfold sequentially. The differential stabilization of the structural parts may also be a reflection of the differential stabilization of local conformations in methanol. Thermal unfolding of ervatamin B in the absence of alcohol is cooperative, both at neutral and low pH, and can be fitted to a two state model. However, at pH 2.0 the calorimetric profiles show two peaks, which indicates the presence of two structural domains in the enzyme with different thermal stabilities that are denatured more or less independently. With an increase in pH to 3.0 and 4.0, the shape of the DSC profiles change, and the two peaks converge to a predominant single peak. However, the ratio of van't Hoff enthalpy to calorimetric enthalpy is approximated to 2.0, indicating non-cooperativity in thermal unfolding.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.926-934
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• 2006

This paper proposes intelligent control of a virtual walking machine that can generate infinite floor for various surfaces and can provide proprioceptive feedback of walking to a user. This machine allows users to participate in a life-like walking experience in virtual environments with various terrains. The controller of the machine is implemented hierarchically, at low-level for robust actuator control, at mid-level fur platform control to compensate the external forces by foot contact, and at high-level control for generating walking trajectory. The high level controller is suggested to generate continuous walking on an infinite floor for various terrains. For the high level control, each independent platform follows a man foot during the swing phase, while the other platform moves back during single stance phase. During double limb support, two platforms manipulate neutral positions to compensate the offset errors generated by velocity changes. This control can, therefore, satisfy natural walking conditions in any direction. Transition phase between the swing and the stance phases is detected by using simple switch sensor system, while human foot motions are sensed by careful calibration with a magnetic motion tracker attached to the shoe. Experimental results of walking simulations at level ground, slope, and stairs, show that with the proposed machine, a general person can walk naturally on various terrains with safety and without any considerable disturbances. This interface can be applied to various areas such as VR navigations, rehabilitation, and gait analysis.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.319-323
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• 2011

In this paper presents a new model of dual-mode synchronous buck converter with dynamic control for mobile applications was proposed. The proposed circuit can operate at 2.5MHz with supply voltage 2.5V to 5V for low ripple and minimum inductor and capacitor size, which is suitable for single-cell lithium-ion battery supply mobile applications. For high efficiency, the proposed circuit adopts synchronous type and dynamic control. The proposed circuit is designed by using the device parameter of TSMC 0.18um BCD process and the performance is evaluated by Cadence spectre. Experimental board level results show the maximum conversion efficiency is 96% at 100mA load current.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2013

Background: Fixed drug combinations are formulations containing two or more active ingredients in a single dosage form. Such combination therapies are commonly applied to improve efficacy, reduce adverse events and replace co-administration, etc. National and international guidelines for hypertension treatment recommend addition of other classes of antihypertensive drugs rather than incremental dose of mono-therapy, when blood pressure is not adequately controlled. Thus, many dual combinations of antihypertensive drugs have been approved and pharmaceutical companies are recently interested in developing antihypertensive triple combinations. Clinical trial designs for the fixed combinations are various depending on the target patients, dosage and clinical endpoints. Thereby, further discussions for the clinical trials of antihypertensive triple therapies are required regarding the indication claimed. Conclusion: This article provides a review for the assessment of the label and medical reports of the clinical trials on antihypertensive triple therapies in advanced foreign countries.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.639-647
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• 2001

We present an integrated optical microswitch, composed of silicon waveguides, gold-coaled silicon micromirrors, and electrostatic contact actuators, for applications to the optical signal transceivers. For a low switching voltage, we modify the conventional curled electrode microactuator into a electrostatic microactuator with touch-down beams. We fabricate the silicon waveguides and the electrostatically actuated micromirrors using the ICP etching process of SOI wafers. We observe the single mode wave propagation through the silicon waveguide with the measured micromirror loss of $4.18\pm0.25dB$. We analyze major source of the micromirror loss, thereby presenting guidelines for low-loss micromirror designs. From the fabricated microswitch, we measure the switching voltage of 31.74V at the resonant frequency of 6.89kHz. Compared to the conventional microactuator, the present contact microactuator achieves 77.4% reduction of the switching voltage. We also discuss a feasible method to reduce the switching voltage to 10V level by using the electrode insulation layers having the residual stress less than 30MPa.

• KIEE International Transaction on Electrical Machinery and Energy Conversion Systems
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• v.3B no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2003

This paper presents a high-frequency boost type ZVS-PWM chopper-fed DC-DC power converter with a single active auxiliary edge-resonant snubber at the load stage which can be designed for power conditioners such as solar photovoltaic generation, fuel cell generation, battery and super capacitor energy storages. Its principle operation in steady-state is described in addition to a prototype setup. The experimental results of boost type ZVS-PWM chopper proposed here, are evaluated and verified with a practical design model in terms of its switching voltage and current waveforms, the switching v-i trajectory and the temperature performance of IGBT module, the actual power conversion efficiency, and the EMI of radiated and conducted emissions, and then discussed and compared with the hard switching scheme from an experimental point of view. Finally, this paper proposes a practical method to suppress parasitic oscillation due to the active auxiliary resonant switch at ZCS turn-off mode transition with the aid of an additional lossless clamping diode loop, and can be reduced the EMI conducted emission.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.258-266
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• 2019

Objectives: In this study, blood lead was analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAs) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We tried to examine the difference and consistency of the analytical values and the applicability of the analytical method. Methods: We selected 57 people who agreed to participate in this study. After confirming the linearity of the calibration standard curves in GF-AAs and ICP-MS, the concentrations of lead in quality control material and samples were measured, and the degree of agreement was compared. Results: The detection limit of the ICP-MS was lower than that of GF-AAs. The coefficient of variation of reference materials was shown to be stable in the ICP-MS and GF-AAs. When the correspondence between the two equipments was verified by bias of the analysis values, a concordance was shown, and approximately 98% of the ideal reference lines were present within ${\pm}40%$ of the deflection. Conclusion: GF-AAs showed high sensitivity to single heavy metal analysis, but it took much time and showed higher detection limit than ICP-MS. Therefore, it would be considered necessary to switch to ICP-MS analysis method, considering that the level of lead exposure is gradually decreasing.