• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.260-260
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• 2013

Multiferroic materials have attracted much attention due to their fascinating fundamental physical properties and technological applications in magnetic/ferroelectric data-storage systems, quantum electromagnets, spintronics, and sensor devices. Among single-phase multiferroic materials, $BiFeO_3 $ is a typical multiferroic material with a room temperature magnetoelectric coupling in view of high magnetic-and ferroelectric-ordering temperatures (Neel temperature $T_N$~647 K and Curie temperature $T_C$~1,103 K). Rare-earth ion substitution at the Bi sties is very interesting, which induces suppressed volatility of Bi ion and improved ferroelectric properties. At the same time, Fe-site substitution with magnetic ions is also attracting, and the enhanced ferromagnetism was reported. In this study, $Bi_{1-x}Dy_xFe_{0.95}Co_{0.05}O_3$ (x=0, 0.05 and 0.1) bulk ceramic compounds were prepared by solid-state reaction and rapid sintering. High-purity $Bi_2O_3$, $Dy_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$ and $Co_3O_4$ powders with the stoichiometric proportions were mixed, and calcined at $500^{\circ}C$ or 24 h to produce $Bi_{1-x}Dy_xFe_{0.95}Co_{0.05}O_3$. The samples were immediately put into an oven, which was heated up to $800^{\circ}C$ nd sintered in air for 30 min. The crystalline structure of samples was investigated at room temperature by using a Rigaku Miniflex powder diffractometer. The field-dependent magnetization measurements were performed with a vibrating-sample magnetometer. The electric polarization was measured at room temperature by using a standard ferroelectric tester (RT66B, Radiant Technologies).

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.135-143
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• 2017

Objectives : This trial aimed to determine if Wasong (Orostachys japonicus) extract can enhance immune system and is safe enough to be approved as a health functional food. Methods : Total 62 people, aged 45 and older, will be recruited to participate in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. This study will compare Wasong extract and placebo. Wasong group will take 1g of Wasong extract, once a day, for 8 weeks. Placebo group will take 1g of crystalline cellulose as placebo, once a day, for 8 weeks. Outcomes will be measured at the baseline, the end of 4th week, and 8th week. Primary outcomes are the ratio of NK cells/total lymphocytes and the ratio of T-helper cells/T-suppressor cells. Secondary outcomes are total white blood cell count, the ratio of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes in total leukocytes, the ratio of total T cells, T-helper cells, T-suppressor cells, and B cells to lymphocytes, the amount of blood IgM, IgG, IgA, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG, and blood metabolite target &global analysis. Results : This trial was approved by institutional review board of Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital (registry number: 2016006), and registered in Clinical Research information Service, one of WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (registry number: PRE20161006-002). Recruitment opened in February 2017 and is supposed to be completed by August 2017. The result is expected to be published by June 2018. Conclusion : This trial will provide clinical information to determine the efficacy and safety of Wasong in enhancing immune system of middle-aged and older people.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.394-408
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• 2002

Nanostructured high strength metastable Al-, Mg- and Ti-based alloys containing different amorphous, quasicrystalline and nanocrystalline phases are synthesized by non-equilibrium processing techniques. Such alloys can be prepared by quenching from the melt or by powder metallurgy techniques. This paper focuses on one hand on mechanically alloyed and ball milled powders containing different volume fractions of amorphous or nano-(quasi)crystalline phases, consolidated bulk specimens and, on the other hand. on cast specimens containing different constituent phases with different length-scale. As one example. $Mg_{55}Y_{15}Cu_{30}$- based metallic glass matrix composites are produced by mechanical alloying of elemental powder mixtures containing up to 30 vol.% $Y_2O_3$ particles. The comparison with the particle-free metallic glass reveals that the nanosized second phase oxide particles do not significantly affect the glass-forming ability upon mechanical alloying despite some limited particle dissolution. A supercooled liquid region with an extension of about 50 K can be maintained in the presence of the oxides. The distinct viscosity decrease in the supercooled liquid regime allows to consolidate the powders into bulk samples by uniaxial hot pressing. The $Y_2O_3$ additions increase the mechanical strength of the composites compared to the $Mg_{55}Y_{15}Cu_{30}$ metallic glass. The second example deals with Al-Mn-Ce and Al-Cu-Fe composites with quasicrystalline particles as reinforcements, which are prepared by quenching from the melt and by powder metallurgy. $Al_{98-x}Mn_xCe_2$ (x =5,6,7) melt-spun ribbons containing a major quasicrystalline phase coexisting with an Al-matrix on a nanometer scale are pulverized by ball milling. The powders are consolidated by hot extrusion. Grain growth during consolidation causes the formation of a micrometer-scale microstructure. Mechanical alloying of $Al_{63}Cu_{25}Fe_{12}$ leads to single-phase quasicrystalline powders. which are blended with different volume fractions of pure Al-powder and hot extruded forming $Al_{100-x}$$(Al_{0.63}Cu_{0.25}Fe_{0.12})_x$ (x = 40,50,60,80) micrometer-scale composites. Compression test data reveal a high yield strength of ${\sigma}_y{\geq}$700 MPa and a ductility of ${\varepsilon}_{pl}{\geq}$5% for than the Al-Mn-Ce bulk samples. The strength level of the Al-Cu-Fe alloys is ${\sigma}_y{\leq}$550 MPa significantly lower. By the addition of different amounts of aluminum, the mechanical properties can be tuned to a wide range. Finally, a bulk metallic glass-forming Ti-Cu-Ni-Sn alloy with in situ formed composite microstructure prepared by both centrifugal and injection casting presents more than 6% plastic strain under compressive stress at room temperature. The in situ formed composite contains dendritic hcp Ti solid solution precipitates and a few $Ti_3Sn,\;{\beta}$-(Cu, Sn) grains dispersed in a glassy matrix. The composite micro- structure can avoid the development of the highly localized shear bands typical for the room temperature defor-mation of monolithic glasses. Instead, widely developed shear bands with evident protuberance are observed. resulting in significant yielding and homogeneous plastic deformation over the entire sample.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.287-301
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• 2019

문화재의 보존·관리 및 활용은 원형유지를 기본원칙으로 하므로 비파괴적인 분석법을 통한 무기질 문화재 및 그 원료물질의 광물조성을 연구하는 것은 중요한 분야이다. 본 연구는 비파괴 표면 X-선 회절분석법(ND-XRD)을 석재, 채색된 안료, 토제, 금속 등 유형별 무기질 문화재 및 시편들을 대상으로 적용하여 문화재의 비파괴 분석법 중 하나로써 활용가능성을 검토하였다. 그 결과, 기기 내에 거치가 가능하며, 구성입자의 크기나 배열 및 굴곡 등 분석대상면의 특성이 스캔에 적합한 시료일 경우 모든 유형에서 광물조성 해석에 활용 가능한 회절패턴이 획득되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 시료의 기질부에 비하여 표면의 회절정보가 우세하게 획득되므로 수평적 또는 수직적으로 다른 물질로 구성된 대상에 적용할 경우 각 부위별 광물조성정보와 함께 이들의 선후관계 파악을 통한 제작기법 및 변질양상 등의 해석에도 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다. 반면 시료채취 및 분말화 과정을 생략한 채 문화재시료 자체를 스캔하는 분석방법의 특성으로 인하여 특정 결정면의 정보가 강하게 중첩되는 경우가 일부 발생되었다. 이와 같은 회절패턴은 점토광물의 편향성효과와 같이 광물동정에 유리하게 활용되는 경우도 있으며, 단결정에 가까운 크기와 배열을 갖는 입자로 인하여 불규칙한 회절강도 비가 획득되어 컴퓨터 프로그램을 통한 광물동정이 어려운 경우가 있으므로 해석에 주의가 필요하다.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.173-177
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• 2010

이 연구에서는 각분해 광전자 분광법(angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy: ARPES)을 시용하여 전하밀도파(chargedensity-wave: CDW)를 형성하는 물질인 $CeTe_2$의 전자구조를 연구하였다. $CeTe_2$의 ARPES 데이터에서는 분산적인 띠들이 분명하게 관찰되었다. $CeTe_2$의 일정에너지(constant energy: CE) 맵에서는 4중 대칭성(fourfold symmetry)이 관찰되었으며, 그 형태가 문헌에 있는 $CeTe_2$의 CE 맵과 유사하였다. 이러한 발견은 $CeTe_2$의 CDW 형성이 $2{\times}2$ 형태의 살창 변형에 의한 것임과 4f 전자들이 $CeTe_2$의 CDW 형성에 별다른 기여를 하지 않는다는 것을 나타낸다. 이 연구로부터 $CeTe_2$에서 페르미 준위 근처의 전자들은 주로 Te(1) 5p와 Ce 5d 전자들이며 Te(1) 5p 전자들에 의한 띠가 CDW 형성에 기여하고 Ce 5d 전자들에 의한 띠는 CDW 상태에서도 페르미 준위를 가로지르는 금속성을 나타낸다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.109-113
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• 1997

흡수계수가 매우 낮은 비정질 재료의 구조 해석을 하기 위하여 표준 X선 회절 기법을 이용했을 때, 시료의 측정된 X선 회절 강도에는 다중 산란에 의해 발생하는 X선 강도가 상당히 포함된다. 비정질 SiO2와 B2O3에서 사용되는 빔의 종류에 따라 발생하는 다중 산란 빔의 강도를 산출해 주는 컴퓨터 프로그램을 작성하였다. 여러 종류의 X선 빔과 시료 SiO2와 B2O3의 조합을 작성된 컴퓨터 프로그램을 도입하였을 때, 2$\theta$=0~180$^{\circ}$의 범위에서 시료 SiO2의 단일 산란 빔에 대한 다중 산란 빔의 강도 비는 CuK$\alpha$빔; 0.10~0.16%, MoK$\alpha$빔; 0.98~5.87%, AgK$\alpha$빔; 1.88~17.86%로 계산되어졌고, 시료 B2O3에 대한 단일 산란 빔에 대한 다중 산란 빔의 강도 비는 CuK$\alpha$빔; 0.27~0.54%, MoK$\alpha$빔; 2.30~19.69%, AgK$\alpha$빔; 3.96~53.83%로 계산되어졌다. 따라서, X선 회절 기법을 이용하여 비정질 SiO2와 B2O3의 구조 해석에 있어서는, MoK$\alpha$빔 및 AgK$\alpha$빔에서 측정된 X선 회절 강도는 다중 산란 효과에 대해서 반드시 교정하여야 한다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.409-409
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• 2014

Recently hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), III-V compound of boron and nitrogen with strong covalent $sp^2$ bond, is a 2 dimensional insulating material with a large direct band gap up to 6 eV. Its outstanding properties such as strong mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity, and chemical stability have been reported to be similar or superior to graphene. Because of these excellent properties, h-BN can potentially be used for variety of applications such as dielectric layer, deep UV optoelectronic device, and protective transparent substrate. Ultra flat and charge impurity-free surface of h-BN is also an ideal substrate to maintain electrical properties of 2 dimensional materials such as graphene. To synthesize a single or a few layered h-BN, chemical vapor deposition method (CVD) has been widely used by using an ammonia borane as a precursor. Ammonia borane decomposes into hydrogen (gas), monomeric aminoborane (solid), and borazine (gas) that is used for growing h-BN layer. However, very active monomeric aminoborane forms polymeric aminoborane nanoparticles that are white non-crystalline BN nanoparticles of 50~100 nm in diameter. The presence of these BN nanoparticles following the synthesis has been hampering the implementation of h-BN to various applications. Therefore, it is quite important to grow a clean and high quality h-BN layer free of BN particles without having to introduce complicated process steps. We have demonstrated a synthesis of a high quality h-BN monolayer free of BN nanoparticles in wafer-scale size of $7{\times}7cm^2$ by using CVD method incorporating a simple filter system. The measured results have shown that the filter can effectively remove BN nanoparticles by restricting them from reaching to Cu substrate. Layer thickness of about 0.48 nm measured by AFM, a Raman shift of $1,371{\sim}1,372cm^{-1}$ measured by micro Raman spectroscopy along with optical band gap of 6.06 eV estimated from UV-Vis Spectrophotometer confirm the formation of monolayer h-BN. Quantitative XPS analysis for the ratio of boron and nitrogen and CS-corrected HRTEM image of atomic resolution hexagonal lattices indicate a high quality stoichiometric h-BN. The method presented here provides a promising technique for the synthesis of high quality monolayer h-BN free of BN nanoparticles.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.183-183
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• 2014

Recently, multiferroic materials gain much attention due to their fascinating fundamental physical properties. These materials offer wide range of potential applications such as data storage, spintronic devices and sensors, where both electronic and magnetic polarizations can be coupled. Among single-phase multiferroic materials, $BiFeO_3$ is typical because of the room-temperature magnetoelectric coupling in view of long-range magnetic- and ferroelectric-ordering temperatures. However, $BiFeO_3$ is well known to have large leakage current and small spontaneous polarization due to the existence of oxygen vacancies and other defects. Furthermore the magnetic moment of pure $BiFeO_3$ is very weak owing to its antiferromagnetic nature. Recently, various attempts have been performed to improve the multiferroic properties of $BiFeO_3$ through the co-doping at the A and the B sites, by making use of the fact that the intrinsic polarization and magnetization are associated with the lone pair of $Bi^{3+}$ ions at the A sites and the partially-filled 3d orbitals of $Fe^{3+}$ ions at the B sites, respectively. In this study, $BiFeO_3$, $Bi_{0.9}Ho_{0.1}FeO_3$, $BiFe_{0.97}Ni_{0.03}O_3$ and $Bi_{0.9}Ho_{0.1}Fe_{0.97}Ni_{0.03}O_3$ bulk compounds were prepared by solid-state reaction and rapid sintering. High-purity $Bi_2O_3$, $Ho_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$ and $NiO_2$ powders with the stoichiometric proportions were mixed, and calcined at $500^{\circ}C$ for 24 h to produce the samples. The samples were immediately put into an oven, which was heated up to $800^{\circ}C$ and sintered in air for 1 h. The crystalline structure of samples was investigated at room temperature by using a Rigaku Miniflex powder diffractometer. The field-dependent and temperature-dependent magnetization measurements were performed with a vibrating-sample magnetometer and superconducting quantum-interference device.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.181.2-181.2
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• 2014

A single-layer graphene has been uniformly grown on a Cu surface at elevated temperatures by thermally processing a poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) system under vacuum. The detailed chemistry of the transition from solid-state carbon to graphene on the catalytic Cu surface was investigated by performing in-situ residual gas analysis while PMMA/Cu-foil samples being heated, in conjunction with interrupted growth studies to reconstruct ex-situ the heating process. We found that the gas species of mass/charge (m/e) ratio of 15 ($CH_3{^+}$) was mainly originated from the thermal decomposition of PMMA, indicating that the formation of graphene occurs with hydrocarbon molecules vaporized from PMMA, such as methane and/or methyl radicals, as precursors rather than by the direct graphitization of solid-state carbon. We also found that the temperature for dominantly vaporizing hydrocarbon molecules from PMMA and the length of time, the gaseous hydrocarbon atmosphere is maintained, are dependent on both the heating temperature profile and the amount of a solid carbon feedstock. From those results, we strongly suggest that the heating rate and the amount of solid carbon are the dominant factors to determine the crystalline quality of the resulting graphene film. Under optimal growth conditions, the PMMA-derived graphene was found to have a carrier (hole) mobility as high as ${\sim}2,700cm^2V^{-1}s^{-1}$ at room temperature, which is superior to common graphene converted from solid carbon.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.497-501
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• 2011

The CdS thin film used as a window layer in the CdTe thin film solar cell transports photo-generated electrons to the front contact and forms a p-n junction with the CdTe layer. This is why the electrical, optical, and surface properties of the CdS thin film influence the efficiency of the CdTe thin film solar cell. When CdTe thin film solar cells are fabricated, a heat treatment is done to improve the qualities of the CdS thin films. Of the many types of heat treatments, the $CdCl_2$ heat treatment is most widely used because the grain size in CdS thin films increases and interdiffusion between the CdS and the CdTe layer is prevented by the heat treatment. To investigate the changes in the electrical, optical, and surface properties and the crystallinity of the CdS thin films due to heat treatment, CdS thin films were deposited on FTO/glass substrates by the rf magnetron sputtering technique, and then a $CdCl_2$ heat treatment was carried out. After the $CdCl_2$ heat treatment, the clustershaped grains in the CdS thin film increased in size and their boundaries became faint. XRD results show that the crystallinity improved and the crystalline size increased from 15 to 42 nm. The resistivity of the CdS single layer decreased from 3.87 to 0.26 ${\Omega}cm$, and the transmittance in the visible region increased from 64% to 74%.