• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 2007

The novel $\alpha$-amylase purified from locally isolated strain, Bacillus sp. KR-8104, (KRA) (Enzyme Microb Technol; 2005; 36: 666-671) is active in a wide range of pH. The enzyme maximum activity is at pH 4.0 and it retains 90% of activity at pH 3.5. The irreversible thermoinactivation patterns of KRA and the enzyme activity are not changed in the presence and absence of $Ca^{2+}$ and EDTA. Therefore, KRA acts as a $Ca^{2+}$-independent enzyme. Based on circular dichroism (CD) data from thermal unfolding of the enzyme recorded at 222 nm, addition of $Ca^{2+}$ and EDTA similar to its irreversible thermoinactivation, does not influence the thermal denaturation of the enzyme and its Tm. The amino acid sequence of KRA was obtained from the nucleotide sequencing of PCR products of encoding gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme revealed a very high sequence homology to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BAA) (85% identity, 90% similarity) and Bacillus licheniformis $\alpha$-amylases (BLA) (81% identity, 88% similarity). To elucidate and understand these characteristics of the $\alpha$-amylase, a model of 3D structure of KRA was constructed using the crystal structure of the mutant of BLA as the platform and refined with a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation program. Interestingly enough, there is only one amino acid substitution for KRA in comparison with BLA and BAA in the region involved in the calcium-binding sites. On the other hand, there are many amino acid differences between BLA and KRA at the interface of A and B domains and around the metal triad and active site area. These alterations could have a role in stabilizing the native structure of the loop in the active site cleft and maintenance and stabilization of the putative metal triad-binding site. The amino acid differences at the active site cleft and around the catalytic residues might affect their pKa values and consequently shift its pH profile. In addition, the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of the enzyme at 350 nm does not show considerable change at pH 3.5-7.0.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.114-124
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• 2009

The Ministry of Knowledge and Economy (MKE) establishes the Basic Plan for Long-Term Electricity Supply and Demand(BPE) biannually, a governmental plan for the stable electricity supply. This study investigated the effects of the electric demand forecast on the energy mix. A simplified simulation model was developed, which replaces the WASP program developed by the KPX and verified by comparing both results. Three different electric demand scenarios were devised based upon the 2005 electric demand forecast: Proper, 5 % higher, and 5% lower. The simplified model calculates the energy mix for each scenario of the year 2005. Then it calculates the energy mix for the proper electric demand forecast of the year 2007 using the energy mixes of the three scenarios as the initial conditions, so that it reveals the effect of electric demand forecast of the previous BPE on the energy mix of the next BPE. As the proper electric demand forecasts of the year 2005 and 2007 are the same, there is no change in the previous and the next BPEs. However when the electric demand forecasts were 5% higher in the previous BPE and proper in the next BPE, some of the planned power plant construction in the previous BPE had to be canceled. Similarly, when the electric demand forecasts were 5% lower in the previous BPE and proper in the next BPE, power plant construction should be urgently increased to meet the increased electric demand. As expected the LNG power plants were affected as their construction periods are shorter than coal fired or nuclear power plants. This study concludes that the electric demand forecast is very important and that it has the risk of long term energy mix.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.235-238
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• 2008

The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) was initiated in August 1985 to develop new generation water erosion prediction technology for federal agencies involved in soil and water conservation and environmental planning and assessment. Developed by USDA-ARS as a replacement for empirical erosion prediction technologies, the WEPP model simulates many of the physical processes important in soil erosion, including infiltration, runoff, raindrop detachment, flow detachment, sediment transport, deposition, plant growth and residue decomposition. The WEPP included an extensive field experimental program conducted on cropland, rangeland, and disturbed forest sites to obtain data required to parameterize and test the model. A large team effort at numerous research locations, ARS laboratories, and cooperating land-grant universities was needed to develop this state-of-the-art simulation model. The WEPP model is used for hillslope applications or on small watersheds. Because it is physically based, the model has been successfully used in the evaluation of important natural resources issues throughout the United State and in several other countries. Recent model enhancements include a graphical Windows interface and integration of WEPP with GIS software. A combined wind and water erosion prediction system with easily accessible databases and a common interface is planned for the future.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.147-160
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• 2010

This study aims to analyze the effect of emotional response from dining out experience on satisfaction after dining out based on the customers who have visited a luxurious Korean restaurant. For this study, it designed a research model through literary research and derived hypotheses. For the empirical analysis, 250 copies of the questionnaire using the self-administered method were distributed and 230(94%) copies were collected. Among them, 220(88%) copies were used for the analysis. SPSS WIN Version 12.0 statistical package program was used for the analysis of data processing, the frequency analysis, reliability analysis and factor analysis were operated, and the hypothesis testing was verified by the regression analysis. The results of the analyses are as follows. For the hypothesis that "the dining-out consumption pattern will have a significant effect on the emotional response," it was verified that the style which pursues health and the style which is loyal to relationships had significant effects on pleasure while the style which pursues rest didn't. Also, the style which pursues health and the style which is loyal to relationships had significant effects on arousal while the style which pursues rest didn't. For the hypothesis that "emotional response will have a significant effect on satisfaction," it was verified that pleasure and simulation had significant effects on satisfaction. As a result of the study, the current dining-out consumption pattern is changed from the purpose of having meals for the biological needs in the past to considering emotional response such as preferred taste or mood.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.192-200
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• 2006

We evaluated the positional accuracy of the delivered beams to the target in a phantom by simulating the whole process of the radiation treatments Including CT scanning, planning and beam exposures with MLCs. For this purpose, a phantom was made to calibrate the alignment between the CT and the attached laser system. A new, convenient method was also devised to align the setup lasers in the treatment room. Film was used for the Identification of the delivered beam and analyzed with a homemade computer program. The positional differences between the target and the beam centers varied with the couch rotations. The accelerator we used showed a maximum discrepancy of 2.0 mm at the table angle of $295^{\circ}$. The same measurements based on the new isocenter from the Winston-Lutz test resulted in the maximum of 1.35 mm for all rotation angles. The evaluation of the differences between the target and the beam centers is useful for the treatment planning.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.12C no.6 s.102
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• pp.773-780
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• 2005

Recently, the telecommunication network is in a transition toward the BcN (Broadband convergence Networks) that integrates the Internet, the telecommunication and the broadcasting. The BcN makes it possible to provide of 4he third-party application by using the Open API The Parlay X API is an example of the Open API and the Parlay X API is grafted in the Web Service and is abstracted from the Parlay API. So, the Parlay X API does not only have advantages of a Web Service, but also disadvantages of the Web Service. The main disadvantage of the Web Service is that it does not support the any QoS mechanism. In this paper, we propose the architecture that solves the reliability among the QoS issues for the Web Service. The proposed mechanism adopts the Asynchronous architecture for the reliable Web Service and improves the performance of the retransmission between the client and the server using the expected response time. We perform the performance evaluation through the simulation in older to compare with the existing mechanism. Consequently, we can confirm that the performance of the proposed mechanism performs better than the existing mechanism.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.186-198
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• 2015

This paper aims for the ultimate goal to optimize the work place environment through assuring the optimal required ventilation rate based on the analysis of the airflow. The working environment is deteriorated due to a rise in temperature of a coal mine caused by increase of its depth and carriage tunnels. To improve the environment, the ventilation evaluation on J coal mine is carried out and the effect of a length of the tunnel on the temperature to enhance the ventilation efficiency in the subsurface is numerically analyzed. The analysis shows that J coal mine needs $17,831m^3/min$ for in-flow ventilation rate but the total input air flowrate is $16,474m^3/min$, $1,357m^3/min$ of in-flow ventilation rate shortage. The temperatures were predicted on the two developed models of J mine, and VnetPC that is a numerical program for the flowrate prediction. The result of the simulation notices the temperature in the case of developing all 4 areas of -425ML as a first model is predicted 29.30 at the main gangway 9X of C section and in the case of developing 3 areas of -425ML excepting A area as a second model, it is predicted 27.45 Celsius degrees.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.464-472
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• 1996

The mechanism of thin-film formation by Ionized Cluster Beam Deposition(ICBD) was investigated. A simulation program based on the Monte-Carlo method was developed in order to investigate the effects of the acceleration voltage, substrate temperature, activation energy for the surface migration, and critical nuclei size on grain size and surface roughness. Studies of the effect of kinetic energy of clusters on the film formation processes revealed that high acceleration voltage enhanced the surface-migration of adatoms and made it easier for an epitaxial film to be formed. The relaxation time of kinetic energy of adatoms increased with the substrate temperature, which in turn increased the grain size of the crystalline film. This effect was more clearly distinguished when the critical nuclei size was large. The surface-migration activation energy was found to affect the interaction between the adatoms and the substrate and thus the relaxation time of kinetic energy. Investigations of the surface roughness revealed that the acceleration voltage, the substrate temperature, and the surface-migration activation energy exerted a collective effect on the morphology of the film surface.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.325-340
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• 2001

This research is to construct more useful Geo-spatial data by building spatial data to three dimensional and utilize the database effectively for development of application, maintenance and management program, and application technology, which is on going based on “Haeundae three dimensional database construction project”. Furthermore, the acquisition of geographic information data and the technological improvement of effective construction would be the important factors to judge the qualitative reputation of GIS. Above all, studies to create accurate data and overcome the error limitation are much more important than any other thing. Final form of Spatial Data to materialize efficient GIS(Geographic Information System) must be three dimensional spatial data which has attribute data, actual concept and numerical value of real world. In connection to that, development is on the move to improve building technique of useful spatial data and digitalize the entire country in cryberspace. $\ulcorner the cyber country lrcorner$is designed to mange the entire country systematically. This simulation would be able to cover administration of government institution, public service, corporate business and even the public life in the cyeberspace though the computer. Materialization of efficient GIS and establishment of condition as technically strong nation through the early realization of $\ulcorner the cyber country lrcorner$will provide a great opportunity to open up the global market with exportation of advanced technology.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.552-558
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• 2005

Orthognathic surgery changes patient's mandibular position and environment of related anatomic structures. Many clinicians were interested in these changes and studied about this problem. However, most of them were based on two dimensional cephalogram. According to the development of image and computer system, it would be possible that the airway change is analyzed with three dimensional CT. So we tried to measure the volumetric change of airway and analyzed the relationship between the airway structure and volumetric change. Nineteen patients who experienced orthognathic surgery due to mandibular prognathism were analyzed with 3D CT data (preoperative and postoperative 6 months) and 2D lateral cephalometry. Volumetric change was measured and 3 dimensional change of related structure was assessed with simulation program ($V-works^{(R)}$, 4.0 Cybermed, Korea). Ten patients showed the decrease of airway volume change and nine showed the increase of airway volume change. Volumetric change was determined by dimensional change of mandible and hyoid bone. The dimensional positions of mandible and hyoid bone were the key factor for determining the airway change after surgery. Airway change is also predictable with the dimensional change of mandible and hyoid bone.