• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.10
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• pp.536-541
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• 2016

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, two closely linked metabolic disorders, is increasing worldwide. Over the past decade, the connection between these disorders and the microbiota of the gut has become a major focus of biomedical research, with recent studies demonstrating the fundamental role of intestinal microbiota in the regulation and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Because of the complexity of the microbiota community, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the gut microbiota is associated with metabolic disorders remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent studies that investigate the role of the microbiota in both human subjects and animal models of disease and discuss relevant therapeutic targets for future research.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.110-116
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• 2003

We have developed a high performance powder, which has a quenching efficacy not only for short-chain fatty acids and amines, but also for vinyl ketones (l-octen-3-one, cis-l,5-octadien-3-one), newly found as other key compounds in axillary malodor. By investigating various powders known to have a quenching efficacy, we finally developed a highly porous silica bead containing magnesium oxide. We found that the superior deodorant effect performed by this powder was the result of multiple effects due to both an excellent physical adsorption capability from its high porosity and a specific adsorption of vinyl ketones by magnesium in the powder. An antiperspirant formulation containing both this powder and a Morus alba extract showed good efficacy as a deodorant.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.248-252
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• 1997

Wild strains of bifidobacteria isolated from Korean feces were tested for their growth and acid production abilities in 10% skim milk. Growth of bifidobacteria was markedly decreased from the second transfer in the skim milk culture. When two strains, BF5 and BF33, were grown in skim milk with various supplements, the growth was enhanced by supplementation of 0.5% yeast extract, and 0.05% cysteine but not by short chain fatty acids. There was no enhancing effect of CO$_{2}$, substitution in the fermentor on growth. The viable cell counts of bifidobacteria, BF5 and BF33, were 9.76 and 9.98 logCFU/ml, respectively, after 30 hr cultivation and were diminished by 3 and 6 logs during storage at 5$\circ$C for 12 days.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.spc1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2005

An early step in the pathogenesis of non-typhoidal Salmonella species is the ability to penetrate the intestinal epithelial monolayer. This process of cell invasion requires the production and transport of secreted effector proteins by a type III secretion apparatus encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island I (SPI-1). The control of invasion involves a number of genetic regulators and environmental stimuli in complex relationships. SPI-1 itself encodes several transcriptional regulators (HilA, HilD, HilC, and InvF) with overlapping sets of target genes. These regulators are, in turn, controlled by both positive and regulators outside SPI-1, including the two-component regulators BarA/SirA and PhoP/Q, and the csr post-transcriptional control system. Additionally, several environmental conditions are known to regulate invasion, including pH, osmolarity, oxygen tension, bile, $Mg^{2+}$ concentration, and short chain fatty acids. This review will discuss the current understanding of invasion control, with emphasis on the interaction of environmental factors with genetic regulators that leads to productive infection.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.208-219
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• 2019

Probiotics are very closely related to gut microbiome and recognized as beneficial microorganisms for our health. They have various biological effects such as inhibition of pathogenic bacteria, activation of beneficial bacteria, prevention of diarrhea and constipation, enhanced immune activity etc. Prebiotics, non-digestible carbohydrates such as galactooligosaccharide and fructooligosaccharide, are utilized by beneficial gut bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, resulting in production of short chain fatty acids which inhibit pathogenic bacteria in the gut and function for human health. Synbiotics are introduced for synergistic effects when probiotics are combined with prebiotics and now commercially available. At the moment many functional ingredients are developed and commercialized. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics might be hot items in the functional food market and the values will increase according to the results of human gut microbiome researches. To meet the situation, systematic and scientific studies as well as marketing effects should be accompanied.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2012

In order to evaluate the aroma compounds in Korean traditional alcoholic beverages, volatile compounds of the commercial wines, Makgeolli were analyzed and quantified using the conventional method. Eight volatile compounds including three kinds of alcohols, two kinds of organic acids and three kinds of ether were extracted by Liquid-Liquid Extraction with Dichloromethane. For the separation and quantification, Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to analyze these compounds. Also, the separation efficiency of these compounds was performed and compared with GC column. The results of this study were as follows ; Eight kinds of volatile compounds were separated well on the HP-88 column better than on the DB-5MS column. Short chain fatty acids, butyric acid and isovaleric acid were not detected in two brands of makgeolli samples. The higher alcohols were detected in the range of 0.86~225.68 ${\mu}g/mL$ and ethyl esters were detected in the range of 0.86~225.68 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. There compounds are known to be associated with sensory and odorant.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.457-465
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• 2019

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) often suffer from diverse skin disorders, which might be attributable to skin barrier dysfunction. To explore the role of lipid alterations in the epidermis in DM skin disorders, we quantitated 49 lipids (34 ceramides, 14 free fatty acids (FFAs), and cholesterol) in the skin epidermis, liver, and kidneys of db/db mice, a Type 2 DM model, using UPLC-MS/MS. The expression of genes involved in lipid synthesis was also evaluated. With the full establishment of hyperglycemia at the age of 20 weeks, remarkable lipid enrichment was noted in the skin of the db/db mice, especially at the epidermis and subcutaneous fat bed. Prominent increases in the ceramides and FFAs (>3 fold) with short or medium chains ($LXR{\alpha}/{\beta}$ and $PPAR{\gamma}$, nuclear receptors promoting lipid synthesis, lipid synthesis enzymes such as elongases 1, 4, and 6, and fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase were highly expressed in the skin and livers of the db/db mice. Collectively, our study demonstrates an extensive alteration in the skin and systemic lipid profiles of db/db mice, which could contribute to the development of skin disorders in DM.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.229-237
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• 2019

More effective treatments are needed for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We hypothesized that water extracts of blackberry fruits (BF) and leaves (BL) and their combinations (BFL) reduce fat deposition in HepG2 cells and modulate shor-tchain fatty acids (SCFA) and fecal bacteria in vitro. HepG2 cells were treated with BF, BL, BFL1:2, and BFL1:3 for 1 h, and 0.5 mM palmitate was added to the cells. Moreover, low ($30{\mu}g/mL$) and high doses ($90{\mu}g/mL$) of BL and BF were applied to fecal bacteria in vitro, and SCFA was measured by GC. BL, BF, BFL1:2, and BFL1:3 reduced triglyceride deposition in the cells in a dose-dependent manner, and BFL1:2 and BFL1:3 had a stronger effect than BF. The content of malondialdehyde, an index of oxidative stress, was also reduced in BL, BF, and BFL1:2 with increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. The mRNA expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c was reduced in BL, BF, BFL1:2, and BFL1:3 compared to the control, and BFL1:2 had the strongest effect. By contrast, the carnitine palmitolytransferase-1expression, a regulator of fatty acid oxidation, increased mostly in BFL1:2 and BFL1:3. Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ expression was reduced in BL compared to that in BF and BFL1:2 in HepG2 cells. Interestingly, BL increased propionate production, and BF increased butyrate and propionate production and increased total SCFA content in fecal incubation. BF increased the contents of Bifidobacteriales and Lactobacillales and decreased those of Clostridiales, whereas BL elevated the contents of Bacteroidales and decreased those of Enterobacteriales. In conclusion, BFL1:2 and BFL1:3 may be potential therapeutic candidates for NAFLD.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.119-136
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• 1998

The lipids of milk provide energy and many essential nutrients for the newborn animal. They also have distinctive physical properties that affect the processing of dairy products. Milk fat globules mainly consist of neutral lipids like triacylglycerols, whereas the globule membranes contain the complex lipids mostly, Phospholipids are a small but important fraction of the milk lipids and are found mainly in the milk fat globule membrane and other membranous material in the skim-milk phase. The milk fats of ruminant animals are characterized by the presence of relatively high concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, especially butyric and hexanoic acids, which are rarely found in milks of non-ruminants. The fatty acids of milk lipids arise from de novo synthesis in the mammary gland and uptake from the circulating blood. The fatty acid compositions of milks are usually complex and distinctive, depending on the nature of the fatty acids synthesized de novo in the mammary gland and those received from the diet in each species. The content and composition of milks from different species vary widely; presumably, these are evolutionary adaptations to differing environments. The actual process by which these globules are formed is unkonwn, but there are indications that triglyceride-containing vesicles which bleb from endoplasmic reticulum may serve as nucleation sites for globules. Recent studies on milk have centred on the manipulation of milk lipids to increase specific fatty acids, i.e. 20-carbon omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5n3, decosahexaenoic acid 22:6n3) from marine sources because the fatty acids are closely associated with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.587-595
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• 2000

The most problems of domestic sewage for BNR(Biological Nutrients Removal) process are deficiency of carbon source and low C/N ratio. Primary sludge fermentation is seemed to be one of the best solutions producing biodegradable organic substrates. Soluble organic materials from sludge fermentation are mainly SCFAs(Short-Chain Fatty Acids) with 2~5 carbon atoms. In this research, it was attempted to apply $A_2/O$ process with the side-stream acid fermenter to improve the nutrients removal efficiency. The result showed that proper SCFAs production is about 3.000mg/L with SRT of 4~5 days. SCFAs yield of approximately 0.10~0.16 mg SCFAs(as COD) per mg of primary sludge(as COD) were achieved. The ratio of acetic. propionic. butyric and valerie acid were 1, 0.7, 0.5 and 0.6. Significant improvements of nutrients removal over 70% in BNR process were observed. thus will reduce the demand for chemical dosing to increase nutrients removal efficiency. When the fermentate was entered $A_2/O$ process, the ratio of phosphate release to substrate uptake amounts to $0.34gPO_4-Pg^{-1}COD$.