• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.569-573
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• 2009

The biochemical and microbiological changes of the hard clam shikhae were studied during fermentation at $4-18^{\circ}C$ for 45 days. For preparation of the shikhae, the shucked hard clams were blanched into 2% saline solution and were soaked in seasoning solution before mixing with salt, cooked grain and spices. During fermentation, the initial pH steadily decreased from 5.0 to 4.6, but $NH_2-N$ and VBN concentrations increased to 127 mg/100 g and 27.0 mg/100 g, respectively. Alanine, taurine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid concentrations increased, but arginine concentration decreased by fermentation. The major organic acids of the fermented shikhae were lactic acid, succinic acid and acetic acid. The major free sugar were maltose, glucose and fructose. The concentration of total viable cell ($2.1\times10^5$ CFU/g) and proteolytic bacteria ($1.2\times10^5$ CFU/g) increased to $4.4\times10^8$ CFU/g and $9.8\times10^7$ CFU/g, respectively until day 15 and then slightly decreased. The concentration of yeast ($2.4\times10^3$ CFU/g) increased to $1.6\times10^7$ CFU/g until day 25, but lactic acid bacteria ($5.0\times10^8$ CFU/g) increased to $5.0\times10^8$ CFU/g until day 9. Vibrio species was not detected on the TCBS agar during fermentation.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.296-299
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• 1990

제조방법이 간편하고 감미도가 높은 새로운 식혜 제조 방법을 개발하였다. 역가가 높은 엿기름만을 분획하여 Tea-bag$(16{\times}20cm)$에 넣어 엿기름 추출공정을 간편하게 하였으며 여기에 ${\alpha}-amylase$, glucoamylase, glucoisomerase를 첨가하여 쌀 전분의 분해를 촉진시켜 단맛이 강한 단당류로 분해되도록 하였다. 식혜의 제조는 엿기름과 효소를 넣은 Tea-bag을 물로 추출한 후 여기에 고두밥을 넣어 당화시켰다. 재래식 방법에 의하여 만든 식혜의 당 조성은 fructose 1.8%, glucose 7.5%, maltose 49.5%, DP3 8.6% 그리고 DP4 이상이 32.5%이었으나 본 연구에서 개발된 방법에 의하여 제조한 식혜는 fructose 6.7%, glucose 89.0%, maltose 1.9%, DP3 0.9% 그리고 DP4 이상이 1.6%로 나타나 쌀 전분의 대부분이 단당류로 분해가 되어 설탕 첨가없이도 감미가 높은 식혜를 제조할 수 있었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.605-611
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• 2011

This study examined the suitability of characteristics of potential strains of probiotic bacteria. Among 25 lactic acid bacteria isolated from Korean traditional fermented food, the Hard Clam Meretrix meretrix Shikhae, the SH-10 strain, which exhibited superior resistance to low pH and bile salts, was selected as a potential probiotic bacteria. By examining carbohydrate utilization, morphological properties, and the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the SH-10 strain was identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus (hereafter, P. pentosaceus SH-10). P. pentosaceus SH-10 was resistant to amikacin, cefotetan, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and vancomycin. Tests of antimicrobial activities against pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella choleraesuis, and Staphylococcus aureus, indicated that P. pentosaceus SH-10 inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria. These results suggest that P. pentosaceus SH-10 can be developed as a probiotic bacteria.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.1149-1157
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• 2000

고추장 변색 요인을 확인하기 위하여 전통적인 방법으로 떡고추장과 식혜고추장을 만들고 가열처리, 포장중 질소치환 및 U.V 조사여부에 따른 변화를 관찰하였다. 각 고추장의 색도 변화는 일반적으로 숙성기간이 경과됨에 따라 L, a, b값은 감소하고 ${\delta}E$ 값은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그 중 떡고추장의 ${\delta}E$ 값은 자외선 조사구에서 다른 처리구에 비하여 높았고 식혜고추장의 ${\delta}E$ 값은 비열처리구에서 전반적으로 높게 나타났다. 갈변 요인 분석에서는 떡고추장의 주요 갈변 요인으로는 빛이, 식혜고추장에서는 열처리와 빛이 작용하였으며 각각의 갈변 요인들이 상호 작용함으로 서 고추장의 갈변에 관여함을 확인하였다. 고추장 추출물의 흡광도 변화에서는 고추장을 아세톤으로 추출하여 흡광도를 측정한 결과 $450{\sim}470$ nm에서, 물 추출물의 흡광도는 $200{\sim}205$ nm에서 가장 최고치를 나타내었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.149-161
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• 1987

발효 원리에 의한 젓갈 담금법은 크게 젓과 식해로 구분된다. 젓은 9가지로 (1) 소금, (2) 소금 고추가루, (3) 소금 익힌 곡류, (4) 소금 고추가루 곡류, (5) 소금 메주가루, (6) 소금 누룩가루 콩가루, (7) 간장, (8) 젓갈, (9) 소금물 등에 담그는 것이다. 식해는 14가지로 (1) 쌀밥 소금 엿기름, (2) 쌀밥 소금 엿기름 밀가루, (3) 쌀밥 소금 고추가루 엿기름, (4) 조밥 소금 고추가루 향신료, (5) 쌀밥 소금 고추가루 엿기름 향신료, (6) 조밥 소금 고추가루 엿기름 무우채 향신료, (7) 조밥 소금 고추가루 무우채 향신료, (8) 쌀밥 소금 밀가루 고추가루 엿기름(설탕) (향신료), (9) 쌀밥 소금 고추가루 무우채 향신료 엿기름(설탕), (10) 찰밥 소금 고추가루 향신료, (11) 소금 무우채 고추가루 향신료, (12) 찰밥 소금 고추가루 엿기름 향신료, (13) 찰밥 소금 고추가루 엿기름 무우채 향신료, (14) 밀가루죽 소금 고추가루 엿기름(무우채) 향신료 등으로 담그는 것이다. 젓 담금법의 지역적 특색은 관서지방에서는 갑각류 중 게를 소금물에 담그는 가정이 많았고, 중부지방에서는 부족류 및 복족류 중 굴을 소금 고추가루, 소금 고추가루 익힌 곡류로 어리굴젓을 담그며 남부지방에서는 갑각류 중 민물새우를 소금, 소금 고추가루, 소금 익힌곡류, 소금 고추가루 익힌 곡류로 담그며, 관북지방에서는 어류를 소금 고추가루로 담그는 것을 알 수 있다. 식해 담금법의 지역적 특색은 우리나라의 동부지역에서 담근다. 이것은 동해에서는 사계절 생선을 잡을 수 있으므로 구태여 오래 보존해 둘 필요가 없기 때문이며, 또한 동해안은 소금 생산량이 적기 때문에 소금이 풍부한 서해안에서는 젓이 발달하고, 소금이 부족한 동해안에서는 식해가 발달하게 된 것임을 알 수 있다. 식해 담금법 중 엿기름을 넣어 담그는 곳은 남부지역이고, 무우채를 넣어 담그는 곳은 관북지역이며, 관북지방보다 남부지방에서는 익힌 곡류의 양을 많이 넣는다. 고추가루는 관북 남부 모두 넣으나, 남부지방에서는 제찬용 식해에는 넣지 않는다. 식해에 넣는 곡류의 종류는 그 지역에서 생산이 많이 되는 곡류를 사용한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.461-467
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• 1996

Four strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), that lower the pH of sausage $\leq$ 4.2 within 24 h of incubation at $37^{\circ}C$, were screened from 57 bacteriocin producing LAB which were isolated from kajamie shikhae and natural fermented sausages. The proteinaceous nature of the bacteriocin was confirmed by losing antimicrobial activity after pronase treatment. Inhibitory activity against pathogens, times of bacteriocin production and sensory tests were compared between 4 isolates and 3 commercial starters. Especially, strain NFS #8-1, screened from natural fermented sausage and identified as Pediococcus acidilactici, antagonized a large number of foodborne pathogens including Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Production of bacteriocin by strain NFS #8-1 was early in the growth phase (mid log phase) and its sensory acceptance was high. The feasibility of using strain NFS #8-1 as a starter for the production of microbiologically safe fermented sausage is envisaged.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.163-177
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• 1991

The consciousness and food preference of Korean foods by high school girls in Kwangju city and Chonnam area was surveryed by questionnaire. The results were as follows； 1. Although the cooking methods of Korean foods were scientific(63.8%), they have to be improved because of complication and difficulty. The point of improvement in the urban area was cooing method but that in the rural area was nutrition and hygiene 2. The motives of hav8ing interest in korean tradition foods were through home life and school education, mass communication and etc. As the subjects live in more urban area and have high income level, they were affected by school education and mass communication. 3. They are used to eat both traditional and nontraditional foods on the korean festive days and annual functions. There is tendency to decrease the use of traditional foods gradually because of complicated their cooking methods and long cooking time. 4. Most household responded that Korean traditional food are must to succession development (52.9%), because of succeed to korean diet culture and suit one’s taste. The more pride of traditional food are kimchi, rice cake, sweet rice drink, persimmon punch, sweet waxy rice cooked potherbs. 5. The preference about the korean foods were high in this order of chopsuey, mandu, laver, shikhae, cooked waxy rice. And they were low in salted anchovies salted yellow convina liver cheon, oyster cheon.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.703-719
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• 2007

The purpose of this study were to analyze the consumption patterns of animal foods during the sixteenth century through Shamirok. There were eleven animal foods : beef, pork, chicken, pheasant, deer, roe, lamb, bear, fox, sparrow, and horse. The most frequently consumed were in the order of pheasant, doe, and chicken. There were 44 fish consumed, including flatfish, hairtail, mackerel, flounder, kumlin fish, bass, null fish, codfish, and red snapper, as well as four mollusks and six shellfish. Eggs and fish egg were also consumed. These foods were cooked as Tang(湯), Gui(灸), Po(脯), Hoe(膾), and Sookyook(熟肉), or processed after being dried or salted. The animal foods were mostly consumed as Po and Tang in daily eating and for formal dishes. Fish were mostly consumed as Jockgal or Shikhae. The foods were primarily acquired by donation from local officials or relatives ; secondly by independent poultry farming, fishing, or hunting, along with the production of grain and thirdly through barter with rice and textiles. Food were sometimes traded for profit, but such acts of trading while living ; as wartime refugees was a meager means for living.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.246-260
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions and uses of Korean festive foods by dietitians in elementary school food service. Questionnaires were distributed to 217 dietitians in Seoul (117) and Inchon(100), Statistical data analysis was completed by SAS package program Results were as follows ; 1. Most dietitians (89.8%) who answered the inquiry had knowledge about korean festive foods. 2. Most respondents applied Korean festive foods to their menu planning. 3. More than 85% of respondents used festive foods, especially Ddukguk, Mandu, Yaksik, Yukgaejang, Galbiggim, Tangpyungchae, Patjuk, among the 43 kinds considered for their menu planning. 4 The higher the perception of traditional foods, the more the respondents applied them to their menu planning, especially Injulmi, Shikhae, Yaksik, Bamchoe, Jeongpyun, Kalkuksu, Torantang, Hobakgigim, Namul. 5. Respondents got information sources about traditional foods from books, school, home, massmedia, and etc, in the order. 6. Most respondents (88.3%) wanted to simplify festive foods' cooking method or standardize the recipes. 7. On the necessity of education about festive food for children, 81.5% of respondents and festive foods were considered to be cultivated and developed to uphold the Korean traditional dietary life.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.281-292
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• 1988

It is aimed to survey the housewive's interest and understanding on the Korean traditional dishes in relation to the importance and the significance of those dishes in the Korean traditional folk ceremony. Questionnaires were distributed to and answered by 667 housewives ranging from the the mother of kindergarden children to the mother of seniors in the university. Some of the significant findings and speculations derived from the analysis of data are summarized as follows: 1. About 90% of subjects have taken the knowledge on cooking the traditional dishes from their mothers and their grandmothers. And they have had many opportunities to known about traditional dishes through the home life education. 2. The kinds of the Korean traditional dishes which are used often at the folk ceremony are Tto k(Korean rice cake), Shikhae (fermented rice fruits punch), Sujong Kwa (persimmon fruits punch), Whachae(flower, fruits punch) etc. 3. About two thirds of the subjects have a little knowledge about Korean traditional special menu for the Korean folk ceremony, however, most of them observe New York's Day, Chusuk (The Korean Tranks giving Day), Dongji (The winter solstice), and Deborum (The 15th of the January on lunar Calender). 4. About 74% of the subjects use Korean traditional foods when they have Korean traditional folk ceremony. But there is a tendency to use nontraditional dishes among young housewives. 5. More than 73% of the housewives agree to the idea that Korean traditional dishes have to be succeeded and developed. 6. Most of the housewives think the Korean traditional folk ceremony is important and they are willing to make Korean traditional foods on the occasions, but they also think the ceremony must be rather simplified.