• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.119-126
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• 2022

This study proposed a BCM(Binding Column Method) that can reinforce the insufficient seismic force of piloti buildings that are not designed for seismic resistance. In addition, 4 reinforcement specimens and 1 reference specimen were manufactured for the proposed seismic reinforcement method. The effect of improving seismic performance before and after reinforcement was examined through repeated loading tests. As a result of experiment, seismic reinforcement specimen with BCM system showed hysteretic characteristics of a large ellipse with great energy dissipation ability and increased strength and stiffness, while reference specimen showed rapid reduction in strength and brittle shear failure column. In addition, it can be seen that the reinforcing effect is improved as the gap is narrow, the torque is large, and the thickness of the L-shaped steel sheet is thicker. The SC4 specimen showed the best seismic performance reinforcement effect.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.775-786
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• 2022

In the plant structures including nuclear power plants, penetrations are frequently installed in walls and slabs to reinforce facilities during operation, and reinforcing bars are sometimes cut off during concrete coring. Since these penetrations are not considered at the design or construction stage, cutting of reinforcing bar during opening installation is actually damage to the structure, structural integrity evaluation considering the stress transition range or effective width around the new penetration is necessary. In this study, various nonlinear analyses and static loading experiments are performed to evaluate the effect of reinforcing bar cutting that occurs when a penetration is newly installed in the shear wall of wall-type building of operating nuclear power plant. In addition, the decrease in wall stiffness due to the installed new penetration and cutting of reinforcing bars is evaluated and the stress and strain distributions of rebars around penetration are also measured.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.91-106
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• 2022

This paper has focused on presenting a three dimensional theory of elasticity for free vibration of 3D-graphene foam reinforced polymer matrix composites (GrF-PMC) cylindrical panels resting on two-parameter elastic foundations. The elastic foundation is considered as a Pasternak model with adding a Shear layer to the Winkler model. The porous graphene foams possessing 3D scaffold structures have been introduced into polymers for enhancing the overall stiffness of the composite structure. Also, 3D graphene foams can distribute uniformly or non-uniformly in the shell thickness direction. The effective Young's modulus, mass density and Poisson's ratio are predicted by the rule of mixture. Three complicated equations of motion for the panel under consideration are semi-analytically solved by using 2-D differential quadrature method. The fast rate of convergence and accuracy of the method are investigated through the different solved examples. Because of using two-dimensional generalized differential quadrature method, the present approach makes possible vibration analysis of cylindrical panels with two opposite axial edges simply supported and arbitrary boundary at the curved edges. It is explicated that 3D-GrF skeleton type and weight fraction can significantly affect the vibrational characteristics of GrF-PMC panel resting on two-parameter elastic foundations.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.169-193
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• 2022

By the present paper, both experimental and analytical models have been proposed to study the vibration behavior of partially bio-sourced sandwich panel with orthogonally stiffened core. For a variable mass fraction of Alfa fibers from 5% to 15%, impregnated in a Medapoxy STR resin, this panel were manufactured by molding the orthogonally stiffened core then attached it with both skins. Using simply supported boundary conditions, a free vibration test was carried out using an impact hammer for predicting the natural frequencies, the mode shapes and the damping coefficient versus the fibers content. In addition, an analytical model based on the Higher order Shear Deformation Theory (HSDT) was developed to predict natural frequencies and the mode shapes according to Navier's solution. From the experimental test, we have found that the frequency increases with the increase in the mass fraction of the fibers until 10%. Beyond this fraction, the frequencies give relatively lower values. For the analytical model, variation of the natural frequencies increased considerably with side-to-thickness ratio (a/H) and equivalent thickness of the core to thickness of the face (h_s/h). We concluded that, the vibration behavior was significantly influenced by geometrical and mechanical properties of the partially bio-sourced sandwich panel.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.25-40
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• 2022

In this study, 3D coupled-consolidation numerical parametric study was conducted to predict the deformation mechanism of a 20 storey building sitting on (4×4) piled raft (with length of piles, L_p=30 m) to adjacent 6 m diameter (D) tunnelling in stiff clay. The influences of different tunnel locations relative to piles (i.e., z_t/L_p) were investigated in this parametric study. In first case, the tunnel was excavated near the pile shafts with depth of tunnel axis (z_t) of 9 m (i.e., z_t/L_p). In second and third cases, tunnels were driven at z_t of 30 m and 42 m (i.e., z_t/L_p = 1.0 and 1.4), respectively. An advanced hypoplastic clay model (which is capable of taking small-strain stiffness in account) was adopted to capture soil behaviour. The computed results revealed that tunnelling activity adjacent to a building resting on piled raft caused significant settlement, differential settlement, lateral deflection, angular distortion in the building. In addition, substantial bending moment, shear forces and changes in axial load distribution along pile length were induced. The findings from the parametric study revealed that the building and pile responses significantly influenced by tunnel location relative to pile.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2023

In the case of a school building, even though it is a regular structure in terms of plan shape, if the masonry infill wall acts as a lateral load resisting element, it can be determined as a torsionally irregular building. As a result, the strength and ductility of the structure are reduced, which may cause additional earthquake damage to the structure. Therefore, in this study, a structure similar to a school building with torsional irregularity was selected as an example structure and the damping performance of the PC-BRB was analyzed by adjusting the eccentricity according to the amount of masonry infilled wall. As a result of nonlinear dynamic analysis after seismic reinforcement, the torsional irregularity of each floor was reduced compared to before reinforcement, and the beams and column members of the collapse level satisfied the performance level due to the reduction of shear force and the reinforcement of stiffness. The energy dissipation of PC-BRB was similar in the REC-10 ~ REC-20 analytical models with an eccentricity of 20% or less. REC-25 with an eccentricity of 25% was the largest, and it is judged that it is effective to combine and apply PC-BRB when it has an eccentricity of 25% or more to control the torsional behavior.

• Composites Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.259-263
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• 2023

This study investigated the open hole tensile (OHT) properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites and compared them to bolt joint tensile (BJT) properties. The net nominal modulus and strength (1376 MPa) were found to be higher than the gross nominal strength (1041 MPa), likely due to increasing hole size. The OHT and BJT specimens exhibited similar stiffness, as expected without bolt rotation causing secondary bending. OHT specimens experienced a sharp drop in stress indicating unstable crack propagation, delamination, and catastrophic failure. BJT specimens failed through shear out on the bolt side and bearing failure on the nut side, involving fiber kinking, matrix splitting, and delamination, resulting in lower strength compared to OHT specimens. The strength retention of carbon fiber/epoxy composites with open holes was 66%. Delamination initiation at the hole's edge caused a reduction in the stress concentration factor. Filling the hole with a bolt suppressed this relieving mechanism, leading to lower strength in BJT specimens compared to OHT specimens. Bolt joint efficiency was calculated as 15%. The reduction in strength in bolted joints was attributed to fiber-matrix splitting and delamination, aligning with Hart Smith's bolted joint efficiency diagram. These findings contribute to materials selection and structural reliability estimation for carbon fiber/epoxy composites. They highlight the behavior of open hole and bolt joint configurations under tensile loading, providing valuable insights for engineering applications.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.275-291
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• 2023

This paper has focused on presenting vibration analysis of trapezoidal sandwich plates with 3D-graphene foam reinforced polymer matrix composites (GrF-PMC) core and FG wavy CNT-reinforced face sheets. The porous graphene foam possessing 3D scaffold structures has been introduced into polymers for enhancing the overall stiffness of the composite structure. Also, 3D graphene foams can distribute uniformly or non-uniformly in the plate thickness direction. The effective Young's modulus, mass density and Poisson's ratio are predicted by the rule of mixture. In this study, the classical theory concerning the mechanical efficiency of a matrix embedding finite length fibers has been modified by introducing the tube-to-tube random contact, which explicitly accounts for the progressive reduction of the tubes' effective aspect ratio as the filler content increases. The First-order shear deformation theory of plate is utilized to establish governing partial differential equations and boundary conditions for trapezoidal plate. The governing equations together with related boundary conditions are discretized using a mapping-generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method in spatial domain. Then natural frequencies of the trapezoidal sandwich plates are obtained using GDQ method. Validity of the current study is evaluated by comparing its numerical results with those available in the literature. It is explicated that 3D-GrF skeleton type and weight fraction, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) waviness and CNT aspect ratio can significantly affect the vibrational behavior of the sandwich structure. The plate's normalized natural frequency decreased and the straight carbon nanotube (w=0) reached the highest frequency by increasing the values of the waviness index (w).

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.153-162
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• 2007

For the reinforced earth wall constructed on a soft ground in parallel with replacing soft soils, the behavior of the wall according to variations of thickness and stiffness of soft layer, replacement depth, and wall height is investigated using a finite element method, in which incremental construction steps including consolidation of soft soil layer are considered. The behavior of wall is characterized by investigating displacements and settlements developing at the wall, and shear strains developing in a soil deposit. The stability of wall is, then, evaluated by comparing these values with the safety criteria determined on the basis of the literature. Based on the investigation, it is shown that the behavior of wall is influenced naturally from soft soil thickness(t), replacement depth(d) and wall height(h), but more significantly from d and h. In addition, it is also shown that the normalized replacement depth, d/h, required for the safety of wall is not influenced significantly by the variations of t and h. Consequently, it can be concluded that the proper replacement depth can be suggested in an equivalent value in terms of d/h, even for the cases where the wall height is varying with stations, but the variation is not significant.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 2023

The liquefaction of soil occurs when a soil loses strength and stiffness because of applied stress, such as an earthquake or other changes in stress conditions that result in a loss of cohesion. Hence, a method for improving the strength of liquefiable soil needs to be developed. Many techniques have been presented for their possible applications to mitigate liquefiable soil. Recently, alternative methods using biopolymers (such as xanthan gum, guar gum, and gellan gum), nontraditional additives, have been introduced to stabilize fine-grained soils. However, no studies have been done on the use of carrageenan as a biopolymer for soil improvement. Due to of its rheological and chemical structure, carrageenan may have the potential for use as a biopolymer for soil improvement. This research aims to investigate the effect of adding carrageenan on the soil strength of treated liquefiable soil. The biopolymers used for comparison are carrageenan (as a novel biopolymer), xanthan gum, and guar gum. Then, sand samples were made in cylindrical molds (5 cm × 10 cm) by the dry mixing method. The amount of each biopolymer was 1%, 3%, and 5% of the total sample volume with a moisture content of 20%, and the samples were cured for seven days. In terms of observing the effect of temperature on the carrageenan-treated soil, several samples were prepared with dry sand that was heated in an oven at various temperatures (i.e., 20℃ to 75℃) before mixing. The samples were tested with the direct shear test, UCS test, and SEM test. It can increase the cohesion value of liquefiable soil by 22% to 60% compared to untreated soil. It also made the characteristics of the liquefiable increase by 60% to 92% from very loose sandy soil (i.e., ϕ=29°) to very dense sandy soil. Carrageenan was also shown to have a significant effect on the compressive strength and to exceed the liquefaction limit. Based on the results, carrageenan was found to have the potential for use as an alternative biopolymer.