Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Utilization of carrageenan as an alternative eco-biopolymer for improving the strength of liquefiable soil

  • Regina A. Zulfikar (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University) ;
  • Hideaki Yasuhara (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University) ;
  • Naoki Kinoshita (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University) ;
  • Heriansyah Putra (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IPB University)
  • Received : 2022.11.11
  • Accepted : 2023.04.14
  • Published : 2023.04.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The liquefaction of soil occurs when a soil loses strength and stiffness because of applied stress, such as an earthquake or other changes in stress conditions that result in a loss of cohesion. Hence, a method for improving the strength of liquefiable soil needs to be developed. Many techniques have been presented for their possible applications to mitigate liquefiable soil. Recently, alternative methods using biopolymers (such as xanthan gum, guar gum, and gellan gum), nontraditional additives, have been introduced to stabilize fine-grained soils. However, no studies have been done on the use of carrageenan as a biopolymer for soil improvement. Due to of its rheological and chemical structure, carrageenan may have the potential for use as a biopolymer for soil improvement. This research aims to investigate the effect of adding carrageenan on the soil strength of treated liquefiable soil. The biopolymers used for comparison are carrageenan (as a novel biopolymer), xanthan gum, and guar gum. Then, sand samples were made in cylindrical molds (5 cm × 10 cm) by the dry mixing method. The amount of each biopolymer was 1%, 3%, and 5% of the total sample volume with a moisture content of 20%, and the samples were cured for seven days. In terms of observing the effect of temperature on the carrageenan-treated soil, several samples were prepared with dry sand that was heated in an oven at various temperatures (i.e., 20℃ to 75℃) before mixing. The samples were tested with the direct shear test, UCS test, and SEM test. It can increase the cohesion value of liquefiable soil by 22% to 60% compared to untreated soil. It also made the characteristics of the liquefiable increase by 60% to 92% from very loose sandy soil (i.e., ϕ=29°) to very dense sandy soil. Carrageenan was also shown to have a significant effect on the compressive strength and to exceed the liquefaction limit. Based on the results, carrageenan was found to have the potential for use as an alternative biopolymer.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The work was partly supported by the Shin Nihon Grout Industry Co., Ltd. Their support is gratefully acknowledged. The data used in this work are available upon request from the authors.

References

  1. Alshami, A.W., Ismael, B.H., Aswad, M.F., Majdi, A., Alshijlawi, M., Aljumaily, M.M., AlOmar, M.K., Aidan, I.A. andHameed, M.M. (2022), "Compaction curves and strength of clayey soil modified with micro and nano silica", Materials, 15(20), 7148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207148.
  2. Anbu, P., Kang, C.H., Shin, Y.J. and So, J.S. (2016), "Formations of calcium carbonate minerals by bacteria and its multiple applications", SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-1869-2.
  3. Arltoft, D., Madsen, F. and Ipsen, R. (2008), "Relating the microstructure of pectin and carrageenan in dairy desserts to rheological and sensory characteristics", Food Hydrocolloids, 22(4), 660-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2007.01.025.
  4. Ayeldeen, M., Negm, A., El-Sawwaf, M. and Kitazume, M. (2017), "Enhancing mechanical behaviors of collapsible soil using two biopolymers", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 9(2), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.11.007.
  5. Baharuddin, I.N.Z., Omar, R.C. and Devarajan, Y. (2013), Improvement of engineering properties of liquefied soil using Bio-VegeGrout", IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012104.
  6. Chang, I. and Cho, G.C. (2014), "Geotechnical behavior of a beta1,3/1,6-glucan biopolymer-treated residual soil", Geomech. Eng., 7(6), 633-647. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.7.6.633.
  7. Chang, I., Im, J. and Cho, G.C. (2016), "Geotechnical engineering behaviors of gellan gum biopolymer treated sand", Can. Geotech. J., 53(10), 1658-1670. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj2015-0475.
  8. Chang, I., Im, J., Prasidhi, A.K. and Cho, G.C. (2015), "Effects of Xanthan gum biopolymer on soil strengthening", Constr. Build. Mater., 74, 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.026
  9. Eseller-Bayat, E., Yegian, M.K., Alshawabkeh, A. and Gokyer, S. (2011), "Prevention of liquefaction during earthquakes through Induced partial saturation in sands", Proceedings of the Geotechnical Engineering - New Horizons: 21st European Young Geotechnical Engineers' Conf., Rotterdam.
  10. Huang, M., Kennedy, J.F., Li, B., Xu, X. and Xie, B.J. (2007), "Characters of rice starch gel modified by gellan, carrageenan, and glucomannan: A texture profile analysis study", Carbohydrate Polymers, 69(3), 411-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.12.025.
  11. Jeon, M.K., Kwon, T.H., Park, J.S. and Shin, J.H. (2017), "In situ viscoelastic properties of insoluble and porous polysaccharide biopolymer dextran produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides using particle-tracking microrheology", Geomech. Eng., 12(5), 849-862. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.5.849.
  12. Kawasaki, S. and Akiyama, M. (2013), "Effect of addition of phosphate powder on unconfined compressive strength of sand cemented with calcium phosphate compound", Mater. Trans., 54(11), 2079-2084. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.M-M2013827.
  13. Leckie, F.A. and Bello, D.J.D. (2009), Strain and Stress, 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49474-6_3.
  14. Lee, M., Kwon, Y.M., Park, D.Y., Chang, I. andCho, G.C. (2022), "Durability and strength degradation of xanthan gum based biopolymer treated soil subjected to severe weathering cycles", Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23823-4.
  15. Lee, S., Chang, I., Chung, M.K., Kim, Y. and Kee, J. (2017), "Geotechnical shear behavior of xanthan gum biopolymer treated sand from direct shear testing", Geomech. Eng., 12(5), 831-847. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.5.831.
  16. Nakamatsu, J., Kim, S., Ayarza, J., Ramirez, E., Elgegren, M. and Aguilar, R. (2017), "Eco-friendly modification of earthen construction with carrageenan: Water durability and mechanical assessment", Constr. Build. Mater., 139, 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.062.
  17. Nemati, M., Greene, E.A. and Voordouw, G. (2005), "Permeability profile modification using bacterially formed calcium carbonate: Comparison with enzymic option", Process Biochem., 40(2), 925-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.02.019.
  18. Putra, H., Yasuhara, H., Kinoshita, N., Erizal and Sudibyo, T. (2018), "Improving shear strength parameters of sandy soil using enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation technique", Civil Eng. Dimension, 20(2), 91-95. https://doi.org/10.9744/ced.20.2.91-95.
  19. Sharma, A. and Ramkrishnan, R. (2016), "Study on effect of microbial induced calcite precipitates on strength of fine grained soils", Perspectives in Science, 8, 198-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.03.017
  20. Simatupang, M. and Okamura, M. (2017), "Liquefaction resistance of sand remediated with carbonate precipitation at different degrees of saturation during curing", Soils Found., 57(4), 619-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.04.003.
  21. Sujatha, E.R. and Saisree, S. (2019), "Geotechnical behaviour of guar gum-treated soil", Soils Found., 59(6), 2155-2166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.11.012.
  22. Syukri, M. (2011), Geoelectrical characterization for liquefaction at coastal zone in South Aceh.
  23. Tsaparli, V., Kontoe, S., Taborda, D.M.G. and Potts, D.M. (2016), "Vertical ground motion and its effects on liquefaction resistance of fully saturated sand deposits", Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 472(2192). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0434.
  24. Tsuchida, H. (1970), "Prediction and countermeasure against the liquefaction in sand deposits", Abstract of the Seminar in the Port and Harbor Research Institute, 31-333. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1571980074470144640.bib?lang=ja.
  25. van Paassen, L.A., Harkes, M.P., van Zwieten, G.A., van der Zon, W.H., van der Star, W.R.L. and van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. (2009), "Scale up of BioGrout: A biological ground reinforcement method", Proceedings of the 17th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotech. Eng.: The Academia and Practice of Geotech. Eng. Vol 5, Ed M Hamza, M Shahien et al., Amsterdam: IOS Press.
  26. Webber, V., de Carvalho, S.M. and Barreto, P.L.M. (2012), Molecular and rheological characterization of carrageenan solutions extracted from Kappaphycus alvarezii", Carbohydrate Polymers, 90(4), 1744-1749. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.063.
  27. Zia, K.M., Tabasum, S., Nasif, M., Sultan, N., Aslam, N., Noreen, A. and Zuber, M. (2017), "A review on synthesis, properties and applications of natural polymer based carrageenan blends and composites", Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 96, 282-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.095.