• 아동학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.83-94
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in self-leadership and job involvement based on the education levels, majors, and teaching experiences of multicultural family home-visit instructors and the influence of self-leadership on job involvement. Methods: 668 home-visit instructors participated in the online survey from 140 multicultural family support centers in Seoul, 6 metropolitan cities, 9 provinces, and other cities and counties. Data were analyzed through frequency, percentages, Pearson's correlations, one-way ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ post-hoc test, and stepwise multi-regression using SPSS 21.0. Results: The main findings are as follows. First, instructors who were high school graduates had significantly higher scores in self-leadership than the other groups. There was only a significant difference in self-reward of self-leadership based on their majors. There were no significant differences in job involvement based on the education level and major. The greater their home-visit teaching experiences, the higher their scores in self-leadership and job involvement. Second, the stepwise multiple regression model showed that self-expectation, self-goal setting, constructive thinking, and rehearsal of self-leadership explained 49% of the total variance in job involvement. Conclusion: Even though the high school graduates had significantly higher scores in self-expectation, rehearsal, and constructive thinking of self-leadership than the other groups, over-generalization should be avoided because the sample size was relatively small. Based on the finding that greater home-visit teaching experiences was associated with higher self-leadership and job involvement, it would be necessary to improve working condition to prevent instructors from changing jobs. These findings stress the importance of providing opportunities for home-visit instructors to develop leadership, thus improving job involvement.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제55권8호
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• pp.516-526
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• 2017

Objective: To suggest diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for dental panoramic radiography in adults and children through the nationwide survey in Korea. Materials and Methods: Two hundred twelve dental institutions on a national basis were visited. The radiographic examination protocols were surveyed and their patient doses at the clinical exposure setting for adult and children (5- and 10-year old) were measured at 244 panoramic radiographic equipment. The measured DAP were analyzed and compared according to age group, the size of hospital, the type of radiographic system, the installation duration of equipment. Results: The mean exposure parameters were 70.1 kV, 9.2 mA, 14.4 second for adult and 66.6 kV, 7.9 mA, 13.8 second for 10-year old child and 65.5 kV, 7.3 mA, 13.7 second for 5-year old child. The mean and third quartile patient DAPs were $138.3mGy\;cm^2$ and $151.0mGy\;cm^2$ for adult, $99.5mGy\;cm^2$ and $104.8mGy\;cm^2$ for 10-year old child and $89.5mGy\;cm^2$ and $95.5mGy\;cm^2$ for 5-year old child. The mean patient dose at the university dental hospital was lower than that at the dental clinic (p<0.05). The mean patient dose of direct digital radiography type was higher than that of film-based type. However, the difference did not show statistically significance. Conclusion: DRLs for dental panoramic radiography in adult, 10- and 5-year old child were suggested to be $151mGy\;cm^2$, $105mGy\;cm^2$, and $96mGy\;cm^2$ in Korea based on this nationwide survey.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.3525-3531
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• 2014

Objective: Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) is a new technique for identifying different malignant tumors using different uptake values between tumor cells and normal tissues. Here we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG-PET in patients with testicular cancer by pooling data of existing trials in a meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Trials databases were searched and studies published in English relating to the diagnostic value of FDG-PET for testicular cancer were collected. The summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was used to examine the FDG-PET accuracy. Results: A total of 16 studies which included 957 examinations in 807 patients (median age, 31.1 years) were analyzed. A meta-analysis was performed to combine the sensitivity and specificity and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs), from diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), positive likelihood ratios (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR). SROC were derived to demonstrate the diagnostic accuracy of FDG-PET for testicular cancer. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.75 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.70-0.80) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.84-0.89), respectively. The pooled DOR was 35.6 (95% CI, 12.9-98.3). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.88. The pooled PLR and pooled NLR were 7.80 (95% CI, 3.73-16.3) and 0.31 (95% CI, 0.23-0.43), respectively. Conclusion: In patients with testicular cancer, 18F-FDG-PET demonstrated a high SROC area, and could be a potentially useful tool if combined with other imaging methods such as MRI and CT. Nevertheless, the literature focusing on the use of 18F-FDG-PET in this setting still remains limited.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2016

Purpose - Recently actively growing franchise systems distribution channel system in which franchise headquarter compared with franchise occupies an important place in distribution channel. Due to this, franchise and franchise headquarter are interdependent on task and in this situation the goal they go after, motivation and objective are probably inconsistent. If so, possibility to participate goal setting process or operating activity of opposite side is becoming bigger and in the end conflict may generate. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of the supervisor's attitude and expertise as moderating factors in the relationship between goal-incongruity/coercive power/role-incongruity and the conflict perceived by franchisee. Research design, data and methodology - This study was intended to verify how the supervisor's attitude and expertise as moderating factors in the relationship between goal-incongruity/coercive power/role-incongruity and the conflict perceived by franchisee. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, some study models and hypotheses have been established through theoretical examinations. Then, using these scales, the researcher completed the questionnaire survey. To test our hypotheses, the survey was conducted from March 9, 2016 for 20 days by random sampling, The study was implemented through a descriptive survey method using a self-administered questionnaire. A survey of 124 restaurant franchisee across Seoul and Gyeonggi Province was performed. A total of 124 completed responses were analyzed. In this study, I used SPSS 22.0 to analyze data and did frequency analysis to see demographic, and general features of the respondents; also did exploratory factor analysis to examine the validity of the items of measurement. Factor analysis was first calculated at a minimum, the number of factors, principal component analysis used when variables are committed to maximising the information with (principle component analysis) and the rotation of factors were angry about the great variable factors than 1.0 by applying Varimax rotation. In addition, I used the value of Cronbach's (Alpha) to examine the reliance of questionnaire items, final analysis the reliability factor can be found both high reliability hayeoteumeuro exceeds over 0.6 and did Multiple regression analysis to test hypothesis and also did hierarchical regression analysis to examine moderating effect. Results - To analyze the proposed model, according to the analysis result, it was found that the influence of goal-incongruity, coercive power, and role-incongruity on the perceived conflict of franchisee is moderated by the supervisor's attitude and expertise. That is, the more the supervisor's attitude and expertise were positive, the more the conflicts of the goal-incongruity, coercive power, and role-incongruity were decreased. It also confirmed previous research's finding that goal-incongruity, coercive power, and role-incongruity positively influence on the conflict. Conclusions - According to the results of this research which reduces the conflict of franchise from the in consistent goal; coercive power, and inconsistent role of superiors, it provides very important implications for franchise headquarter which has franchise system and also give them some suggestion about how to recruit superiors and what kind of training may be fit for the superiors.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.821-826
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• 2020

Objective : Hyperostosis in meningiomas can be present in 4.5% to 44% of cases. Radical resection should include aggressive removal of invaded bone. It is not clear however to what extent bone removal should be carried to achieve pathologically free margins, especially that in many cases, there is a T2 hyperintense signal that extends beyond the hyperostotic bone. In this study we try to investigate the perimeter of tumour cells outside the visible nidus of hyperostotic bone and to what extent they are present outside this nidus. This would serve as an initial step for setting guidelines on dealing with hyperostosis in meningioma surgery. Methods : This is a prospective case series that included 14 patients with convexity meningiomas and hyperostosis during the period from March 2017 to August 2018 in two university hospitals. Patients demographics, clinical, imaging characteristics, intraoperative and postoperative data were collected and analysed. In all cases, all visible abnormal bone was excised bearing in mind to also include the hyperintense diploe in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2 weighted images after careful preoperative assessment. To examine bony tumour invasion, five marked bone biopsies were taken from the craniotomy flap for histopathological examinations. These include one from the centre of hyperostotic nidus and the other four from the corners at a 2-cm distance from the margin of the nidus. Results : Our study included five males (35.7%) and nine females (64.3%) with a mean age of 43.75 years (33-55). Tumor site was parietal in seven cases (50%), fronto-parietal in three cases (21.4%), parieto-occipital in two cases (14.2%), frontal region in one case and bicoronal (midline) in one case. Tumour pathology revealed a World Health Organization (WHO) grade I in seven cases (50%), atypical meningioma (WHO II) in five cases (35.7%) and anaplastic meningioma (WHO III) in two cases (14.2%). In all grade I and II meningiomas, bone biopsies harvested from the nidus revealed infiltration with tumour cells while all other bone biopsies from the four corners (2 cm from nidus) were free. In cases of anaplastic meningiomas, all five biopsies were positive for tumour cells. Conclusion : Removal of the gross epicentre of hyperostotic bone with the surrounding 2 cm is adequate to ensure radical excision and free bone margins in grade I and II meningiomas. Hyperintense signal change in MRI T2 weighted images, even beyond visible hypersototic areas, doesn't necessarily represent tumour invasion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2018

Objective: Broilers show clear preference towards red color light (RL). However setting of an optimum light intensity is difficult since dim intensities that favor growth reduce welfare. This experiment was conducted to test the most effective RL intensity regimen (Dim [5 lux; DI] vs high [320 lux; HI]) in combination applied at different growth stages that favors for both performance and welfare. Methods: Complete randomize design was adopted with 6 replicates. Treatments were; T1 = early DI (8-21 d)+latter HI (22-35 d); T2 = early DI (8-28 d)+latter HI (29-35 d), T3 = early HI (8-21 d)+latter DI (22-35 d), T4 = early HI (8-28 d)+latter DI (29-35 d) and T5 = control (white light; WT) (8-35 d) at medium intensity (20 lux). Body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), water/feed intake and ratio, feed conversion ratios (FCR) were assessed. Common behaviours (15) were recorded by scan sampling method. Lameness, foot pad dermatitis, breast blisters, hock burning damage were assessed as welfare parameters. Fear reactions were tested using Tonic Immobility Test. Ocular and carcass evaluations were done. Meat and tibiae were analyzed for fat and bone ash respectively. Results: On 35 d, the highest BW ($2,155.72{\pm}176g$), WG ($1,967.78{\pm}174g$) were recorded by T2 compared to WT ($BW_{WT}=1,878.22{\pm}155$, $WG_{WT}=1,691.83{\pm}160$). But, application of RL, either DI, or HI during early/latter stage had no significant effect on FCR. Under HI, birds showed much higher active behaviours. DI encourages eating. Though LI changed from DI to HI, same trend could be seen even under HI. The highest leg strength ($218.5{\pm}120s$) was recorded by T2. The lowest leg strength ($64.58{\pm}33s$) and the highest ocular weight ($2.48{\pm}1g$) were recorded by T1. Significantly (p<0.05) the highest skin weight ($162.17{\pm}6g$) but the lowest fat% in meat ($13.03%{\pm}5%$) was recorded by T2. Conclusion: Early exposure to DI-RL up to 28 days followed by exposure to HI-RL is the most favorable lighting regimen for optimizing production, better welfare of broilers and improving health benefits of meat.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.391-398
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• 2010

Objective : This study was designed to validate the cell trafficking efficiency of the in vivo bioluminescence image (BLI) study in the setting of transplantation of the luciferase expressing bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC), which were delivered at each different time after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in a mouse model. Methods : Transplanting donor BMSC were prepared by primary cell culture from transgenic mouse expressing luciferase (LUC). Transient focal infarcts were induced in 4-6-week-old male nude mice. The experiment mice were divided into five groups by the time of MSC transplantation : 1) sham-operation group, 2) 2-h group, 3) 1-day group, 4) 3-day group, and 5) 1-week group. BLI for detection of spatial distribution of transplanted MSC was performed by detecting emitted photons. Migration of the transplanted cells to the infarcted area was confirmed by histological examinations. Differences between groups were evaluated by paired t-test. Results : A focal spot of bioluminescence was observed at the injection site on the next day after transplantation by Signal intensity of bioluminescence. After 4 weeks, the mean signal intensities of 2-h, 1-day, 3-day, and 1-week group were $2.6{\times}10^7{\pm}7.4{\times}10^6$. $6.1{\times}10^6{\pm}1.2{\times}10^6$, $1.7{\times}10^6{\pm}4.4{\times}10^5$, and $8.9{\times}10^6{\pm}9.5{\times}10^5$, respectively. The 2-h group showed significantly higher signal intensity (p<0.01). The engrafted BMSC showed around the infarct border zones on immunohistochemical examination. The counts of LUC-positive cells revealed the highest number in the 2-h group, in agreement with the results of BLI experiments (p<0.01). Conclusion : In this study, the results suggested that the transplanted BMSC migrated to the infarct border zone in BLI study and the higher signal intensity of LUC-positive cells seen in 2 hrs after MSC transplantation in MCAO mouse model. In addition, noninvasive imaging in real time is an ideal method for tracking stem cell transplantation. This method can be widely applied to various research fields of cell transplantation therapy.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2009

학교숲은 도시숲의 유형중 하나이다. 도시학교는 적당한 거리에 적당한 면적을 유지하고 있어 학교숲의 조성은 도시에 많은 숲이 조성되는 효과를 준다. 또한, 학교는 학생들이 오랜 시간 머무르는 장소로 학생들의 환경교육의 장으로써의 역할을 수행할 수 있다. 그러나 현재 조성된 학교숲은 학생들의 요구나 참여가 배제된 채 결과 중심의 사업이 되고 있어 학생들의 환경교육에 큰 영향을 미치고 있지 못한 실정이다. 또한 설문조사를 바탕으로 분석하는 기존연구의 경우, 리커트척도를 활용하여 주관적 판단인 정성적 자료를 정량화 하였다는데 의의가 있으나, 인간의 주관적 판단은 모호한 경우가 많아 일반적으로 정량화하는데 문제가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 경상북도에 위치한 초등학교 학생들을 대상으로 학교숲에 대한 객관적인 만족도 평가를 위해 퍼지이론을 활용하여, 학교숲 만족도에 미치는 항목들을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 결과, '학교 특색'과 '정서 함양' 항목의 산술평균값의 순위와 퍼지이론을 도입한 무게중심값의 순위가 변화됨을 알 수 있었다. 이는 퍼지이론이 인간의 사고와 같은 정성적 자료를 합리적으로 객관화 할 수 있다는 증거가 된다. 또한 학교숲 전체 만족도에 영향을 주는 요인은 '학교 특색' 항목의 회귀계수값이 0.159로 가장 높았으며, 다음으로 '수량 많음(0.142)', '자연 소중(0.136)', '정서 함양(0.120)'순으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 설문의 객관적 분석방법과 학교숲 조성을 위한 기초자료로 활용이 가능하리라 판단된다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.10-19
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• 2007

기존 MRI, 즉 T1 강조-, T2 강조-, 확산-, 관류-, 기능적-, 등의 영상법은 조직의 물리적 파라미터 그리고 기능적 특성을 알려주는 역할을 한다. 본 종설에서는 최근 관심이 높아지고 있는 영상기법의 하나로 MRE (Magnetic Resonance Elastography, 자기공명탄성법)를 소개하고자 한다. MRE는 기존의 물리적, 기능적 측정을 벗어나 조직의 기계적 특성에 관한 정보를 제공해준다는 면에서 MRI를 이용한 새로운 modality로서의 가능성을 시사해 준다. 예로부터 진단의 가장 기초적인 방법중 하나로서 촉진을 이용하여 조직의 경도를 가늠하여 왔다. MRE는 조직의 경도를 MRI를 이용하여 객관적으로 수치화해준다. MRE 임상실험을 성공적으로 수행하기 위해서는 몇 가지 하드웨어와 소프트웨어(트랜스듀서, 펄스대열, 영상처리 알고리즘)가 구비되어야 한다. 트랜스듀서는 인체에 진동을 전달해주는 부분으로서 MRE 응용을 가능하게 하는 핵심적인 역할을 한다. 따라서 MRI 시스템의 자기장과 인체의 골격, 피부와 트랜스듀서 접촉면의 압력, 마찰을 고려하여 제작하여야 한다. 트랜스듀서를 통해서 인체 내부에 진동이 전달되고 있으면 최적의 영상을 얻기 위하여 고려되어야 할 사항이 펄스대열을 조정하는 것이다. 마지막으로 여러 가지 물질에 대한 가정(등방성, 균질성, 비압축성)하에서 영상처리 알고리즘은 파동방정식(Helmholtz equation)으로 표현되며 이로부터 탄성도(Elasticity or Modulus)를 구할 수 있다. 본 종설에서는 이에 대한 리뷰 및 MRE를 이용한 응용분야에 대하여 살펴본다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.955-963
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 제주도정에 협상기법을 도입함으로써 도로신설 혹은 확장과정에서 나타나는 갈등의 문제를 기능적으로 해결할 수 있는 기법을 찾기 위한 것에 있다. 제주특별자치도 서귀포시 중정로 도시계획선관련한 사례를 가지고 협상측면에서 분석을 하였다. 2011년 2월 부터 12월 사이에 있었던 중정로 추진활성화위원회가 펼친 협상과정을 사례로 하였다. 사례분석을 통해서 얻게 된 협상과정상의 문제점을 해결하고 행정전반적인 체계에서 협상관련 개념이 정착되는 시스템을 구축하기 위한 방안을 제시했다. 첫째, 협상관리팀을 도청내에 구성하고 전방위적 지원을 해야 한다는 것이다. 둘째, 협상팀이 구성되면 협상팀의 결정에 권한을 부여해주는 절차가 필요하다는 것을 제안했다. 셋째, 협상과정을 원만히 수행하기 위해서 그라운드 룰을 규정하고 철저히 지키도록 해야 한다는 것이다. 넷째, 제주특별자치도내에 협상진료팀(negotiation clinic team)을 구성하여 운영할 필요가 있다는 것을 제안하였다. 다섯째, 협상에 대해 학습할 수 있는 협상학교를 인재개발원내에 두는 것을 제안했다. 여섯째, 관료들의 경우 협상당사자로서 역할을 긍정적으로 수행했을 때는 보상체계를 확립하여 보상을 할 수 있도록 제안하였다. 일곱째, 행정전반에 협상이라는 개념이 스며들 수 있도록 하자는 제안을 하였다.