• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.15-34
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• 2014

Creative problem solving has become an important issue in many fields. Among problems, dilemma need creative solutions. New creative and innovative problem solving strategies are required to handle the contradiction relations of the dilemma problems because most creative and innovative cases solved contradictions inherent in the dilemmas. Among various kinds of problem solving theories, TRIZ provides the concept of physical contradiction as a common problem solving principle in inventions and patents. In TRIZ, 4 separation principles solve the physical contradictions of given problems. The 4 separation principles are separation in time, separation in space, separation within a whole and its parts, and separation upon conditions. Despite this attention, an accurate definitions of the separation principles of TRIZ is missing from the literature. Thus, there have been several different interpretations about the separation principles of TRIZ. The different interpretations make problems more ambiguous to solve when the problem solvers apply the 4 separation principles. This research aims to fill the gap in several ways. First, this paper classify the types of contradiction relations and the contradiction solving dimensions based on the Butterfly model for contradiction solving. Second, this paper compares and analyzes each contradiction relation type with the Butterfly diagram. The contributions of this paper lies in reducing the problem space by recognizing the structures and the types of contradiction problems exactly.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.3-11
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• 2017

In this study, more than 2,500 cases using TRIZ methodology for 10 years from 2006 to 2016 in S company were analyzed to identify which TRIZ tools have been used for solving field problems. In the previous studies, some attempts were made to analyze the utilization of TRIZ tools, but all of them were based on very limited surveys or cases. The results of this study show that 40 inventive principles were most used, followed by separation principles, standard solutions, trimming, modeling using little people, patterns of evolution, ARIZ and Effects. In addition, detailed analysis were performed for widely used tools such as 40 inventive principles, separation principles, standard solutions, etc. The analysis would be a useful guide for the study and application of TRIZ tools in industry.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.81-89
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• 2018

Patents have been recognized as a core knowledge asset which are closely related with company's technological competitiveness. However, only a small portion of patents are actually contributing to the profit of the company. In addition, it costs a lot of money continuously to maintain the patent rights regardless of their values. Thus, effective methodologies are required to create patents with high values. It is examined what kind of differences exist between high value patents and the others in the use of TRIZ methodologies. For the purpose, we analyzed the US granted patents of Samsung Electronics. The analysis shows that there is no significant difference in the use of inventive principles, but high value patents utilize 'separation by condition' the most where as the others 'separation by space' the most frequently in the use of separation principles. In the use of standard solutions, high value patents use the 'class 2' principles frequently than the others.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.363-369
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• 2022

Biomolecular phase separation has recently attracted broad interest, due to its role in the spatiotemporal compartmentalization of living cells. It governs the formation, regulation, and dissociation of biomolecular condensates, which play multiple roles in vivo, from activating specific biochemical reactions to organizing chromatin. Interestingly, biomolecular phase separation seems to be a mainly passive process, which can be explained by relatively simple physical principles and reproduced in vitro with a minimal set of components. This Mini review focuses on our current understanding of the fundamental principles of biomolecular phase separation and the recent progress in the research on this topic.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.381-396
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• 2015

The study proposes multiple TRIZ contradiction solution strategies for addressing PC (Physical Contradiction) and TC (Technical Contradiction) by implementing TRIZ cause-and-effect tree. The problem associated with TC of the ends is solved by PC of means which employs a causal relationship between causes and effects. The TRIZ contradiction solution strategies demonstrated in this research are classified into 3 types of combined strategy as follows: 1. To-Be PC and AS-Is PC, 2.To-Be PC and As-Is TC, 3.As-Is PC and To-Be TC. The combined strategy of To-Be PC and As-Is PC is similar to a divide-and-conquer technique. This strategy adopts parallel strategies using 4 separation principles in time, in space, between parts and the whole, and upon condition of two reversed-PCs. Moreover, its application elucidates the conflict relationship of two TCs from the study. The integrated 4 separation principles and 40 inventive principles present an effective synergy effect from the combination, and further addresses the problems in the TRIZ contradiction resolution strategies. Combined strategy of To-Be PC and As-Is TC implements the 40 inventive principles that To-Be PC of the means resolves the As-Is TC of the ends. Combined strategy of As-Is PC and To-Be TC also uses inventive principles to the As-Is PC of the means to solve the To-Be TC of the ends. In addition, propositional and logical relationship of necessary and sufficient conditions between TC and PC is used to support the validity of 3 TRIZ contradiction solution strategies. In addition, 3 other strategies of necessary and sufficient conditions validate the contraposition relationship of the truth table. This study discusses TRIZ case studies from National Quality Circle Contest from the years between 2011 and 2014 to provide the usage guidelines of TRIZ contradiction solutions for quality purposes. Examining analysis from the case studies and investigating combined strategies allows the users to obtain comprehensive understanding.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-28
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• 2000

The purpose of this article, the first part of series, is to describe the general theory applicable to various chromatographic procedures. History of chromatography, separation of matters, classification of chromatography, underlying principles of separation in chromatography, covering resolution, column efficiency, column selectivity, and capacity factor, movement of solute in chromatographic phase, including elution development, displacement development, and frontal analysis, were discussed. Mathematical description of plate theory and thermodynamic viewpoint of retention were emphasized.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.889-896
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• 2017

Nuclear bodies are subnuclear, spheroidal, and membraneless compartments that concentrate specific proteins and/or RNAs. They serve as sites of biogenesis, storage, and sequestration of specific RNAs, proteins, or ribonucleoprotein complexes. Recent studies reveal that a subset of nuclear bodies in various eukaryotic organisms is constructed using architectural long noncoding RNAs (arcRNAs). Here, we describe the unifying mechanistic principles of the construction and function of these bodies, especially focusing on liquid-liquid phase separation induced by architectural molecules that form multiple weakly adhesive interactions. We also discuss three possible advantages of using arcRNAs rather than architectural proteins to build the bodies: position-specificity, rapidity, and economy in sequestering nucleic acid-binding proteins. Moreover, we introduce two recently devised methods to discover novel arcRNA-constructed bodies; one that focuses on the RNase-sensitivity of these bodies, and another that focuses on "semi-extractability" of arcRNAs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.143-149
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• 2008

A numerical study was performed for a vane of a compressor with a high-turning angle and meridional divergence. At first, the effect of the suction position was discussed. Then, the optimal suction position was applied to the cascades with the aspect ratio of 2.53 and 0.3, respectively, to get the knowledge of the effect of the endwall boundary layer removal on the secondary flow along the blade height. At last, using the critical principles of the three-dimensional separation, the topological structures of the flow patterns of the body surfaces and the separation configurations were discussed in detail. The results show that the largest reduction of the total loss can be achieved when the suction slot is near the suction side. The topological structure as well as the separation configuration varies due to boundary layer removal, which restrains the flow separation at the corner and delays or depresses the separation on the suction surface. Compared with the original cascade, the cascade with the endwall boundary layer removal has a higher blade loading along the most span. Furthermore the flow loss decreases and distributes uniformly along the span.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.337-348
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• 2001

This article gives an overview of a recently developed channel system, frit-inlet asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (FI-AFlFFF), which can be applied for the separation of nanoparticles, proteins, and water soluble polymers. A conventiona l asymmetrical flow FFF channel has been modified into a frit-inlet asymmetrical type by introducing a small inlet frit near the injection point and the system operation of the FI-AFlFFF channel can be made with a great convenience. Since sample components injected into the FI-AFlFFF channel are hydrodynamically relaxed, sample injection and separation processes proceed without interruption of the migration flow. Therefore in FI-AFlFFF, there is no requirement for a valve operation to switch the direction of the migration flow that is normally achieved during the focusing/relaxation process in a conventional asymmetrical channel. In this report, principles of the hydrodynamic relaxation in FI-AFlFFF channel are described with equations to predict the retention time and to calculate the complicated flow variations in the developed channel. The retention and resolving power of FI-AFlFFF system are demonstrated with standard nanospheres and protreins. An attempt to elucidate the capability of FI-AFlFFF system for the separation and size characterization of nanoparticles is made with a fumed silica particle sample. In FI-AFlFFF, field programming can be easily applied to improve separation speed and resolution for a highly retaining component (very large MW) by using flow circulation method. Programmed FI-AFlFFF separations are demonstrated with polystyrene sulfonate standards and pululans and the dynamic separation range of molecular weight is successfully expanded.

• Nano
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1850138.1-1850138.6
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• 2018

Two-dimensional (2D) or layered materials have a great potential for applications in energy storage, catalysis, optoelectronics and gas separation. Fabricating novel 2D or quasi-2D layered materials composed of relatively abundant and inexpensive atomic species is an important issue for practical usage in industry. Here, we suggest the layer-structured AlOOH (Boehmite) as a promising candidate for such applications. Boehmite is a well-known layer-structured material and a single-layer can be exfoliated from the bulk boehmite by breaking the interlayer hydrogen bonding. We study atomic and electronic band structures of both bulk and single-layer boehmite, and also obtain the single-layer exfoliation energy using first-principles calculations.