• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to maintain high efficiency and reasonable use of cool thermal storage systems operated in the domestic building sector. As the result of efficiency test from the five types of operated cool storage systems on the condition that COP ranges are 2.6 to 3.4 during the day time and 2.1 to 3.0 during the night time and it decreased by more than 30% of rated COP given 3.8 to 3.0. The Analysis of cool storage rate shows that only 3 (21.4%) systems out of 15 buildings hold to over 40% capacity for its total capacity. To prevent the decrease in operating efficiency, it should correct the malfunction of 3-way valve and expansion valve and the mistake of control values for schedule program and increase cooling tower capacity. In order to improve piping line, it needs bypass brine line off refrigerator, separation of chilled water line with Ice Slurry system at day and night time and speed control of chilled and warm water pumps. This study does require the more studies on improving difficulty of increasing cooling load with Ice on Coil system, waterproofing with Ice Ball system, COP drop during the night time with Ice Lens, low operating temperature during the day time with Ice Slurry and increasing of Power loss due to hot gas de-icing with Ice Harvest in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.300-309
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• 2017

A spacecraft obtains a reaction momentum required for an orbit correction and an attitude control by exhausting a combustion gas through a small thruster in space. If the exhaust plume collides with spacecraft surfaces, it is very important to predict the exhaust plume behavior of the thruster when designing a satellite, because a generated disturbance force/torque, a heat load and a surface contamination can yield a life shortening and a reduction of the spacecraft function. The purpose of the present study is to ensure the core technology required for the spacecraft design by analyzing numerically the exhaust gas behavior of the 10 N class bipropellant thruster for an attitude control of the spacecraft. To do this, calculation results of chemical equilibrium reaction between a MMH for fuel and a NTO for oxidizer, and continuum region of the nozzle inside are implemented as inlet conditions of the DSMC method for the exhaust plume analysis. From these results, it is possible to predict a nonequilibrium expansion such as a species separation and a backflow in the vicinity of the bipropellant thruster nozzle.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1192-1198
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• 2004

Sasang Constitutional Medicine is a major branch of Korean Traditional Medicine. The differences of disease susceptibility to be shown in Sasang constitution may be due to genetic factors. Therefore, I examined interrelationship among cerebral infarction (CI), apolipoprotein E (apo E) gene polymorphism, and Sasang constitutional classification. Apo E is a key protein modulating the highly atherogenic apoB containing lipoproteins and is a candidate gene for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). The ε2 and/or ε4 alleles were the first to be implicated in premature CAD, which resulted in this polymorphism being extensively studied. I investigated the association between apo E genotype and CI by case-control study in a Korean population. I also classified CI patients and control group into groups according to Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 218 CI patients and 379 controls without CI were examined. Apo E genotype was determined by 8% polyacrylamide gel separation after DNA amplification. A frequency of apo E ε3/ε3 in the apo E genotype distribution was higher in the CI patients compared with that in controls. Also, it was widely known that Taeumin was easily attacked with CI, but there was no association between apo E polymorphim and Taeumin. However, the Taeumin constitution did not enhance the relative risk for CI in the subjects with apo E ε2 and/or ε4 alleles. No differences in the apo E genotypes frequencies were observed in the Taeumin compared with that in the other constitutions. In addition, I investigated whether the DD(deletion/deletion) or ID(insertion/deletion) genotype of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene, a candidate gene for CI, was associated with CI, Taeumin constitution, and apo E polymorphism. As a result, the frequency of Taeumin constitution was significantly higher in CI patients with both apo E ε3/ε4 and ACE ID/DD genotypes than in the remaining Sasang constitutions. In summary, it was concluded that the apo E polymorphism is a major risk factor for CI in Koreans and the ACE ID/DD genotype enhanced the relative risk for CI in the subjects with apo E ε3/ε4 genotype and Taeumin constitution.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.101-114
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• 2015

Objectives: Find out how it affects anxiety situations and self-esteem targeting the critical period of development of self-esteem in the lower grades in elementary school based on laughter therapy in having a positive influence on physical health promotion and positive emotional cultivation. And to verify the effects of laughter activity was to provide preliminary data on mental health education and guidance of school life. Methods: By targeting Ulsan Y elementary school, second grade 7 class, 191 students conducted test self-esteem and anxiety. Homogeneous group of experimental and control groups were selected in each one class. Classified as experimental group carried out laughter activity programs and control group did not carried out. Also the separation of the application program before and after, then it were performed preliminary-post-further as same checklist. Program coverage period is 12 weeks and 30 minutes per session was conducted twice a week. Differences between the experimental group and the comparison group has conducted the independent samples t-test, and if the difference between the experimental group and the comparison group were verified by performing a variance analysis(Oneway ANOVA) and post multiple comparisons. Results: Analysis of the experimental group decreased anxiety in the post-test than the pre-test as a whole, in particular, sub-areas of concern, shame and shyness was shown to be effective, and decision of the difficulty was not significant by insignificant reduction. In addition, self-esteem was increased in overall score. The score of collective self-esteem and School life self-esteem were more increased, and domestic self-esteem was not significant by slight increases. In contrast, the comparison group showed no significant difference in all areas of anxiety and self-esteem of pre-test and post-test. Conclusions: In experiments on self-esteem and anxiety of lower grade in elementary school through laughter activity program, comparison group it did not show an effect by accident, and experimental group showed meaningful effects that self-esteem was increased and anxiety was reduced. Thus, laughter activity can be seen that improving self-esteem, anxiety reduction and etc, is very beneficial to mental health.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.133-143
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• 2013

Objectives : We carry out the simultaneous quantification for quality control of four components in Bangpungtongseong-san (BPTSS) sample. In addition, we assessed the antioxidant effects of BPTSS sample. Methods : The used column for separation and analysis of four compounds was Luna C18 column and column oven temperature was maintained at $40^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase for simultaneous determination consisted of two solvent systems, 1.0% acetic acid in water and 1.0% acetic acid in acetonitrile. High performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) method for analysis was performed at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with PDA detection at 254 and 280 nm. The injection volume was 10 ${\mu}L$. The antioxidant activities of BPTSS were evaluated by measuring free radical scavenging activities on 2,2'-Azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The inhibitory effects on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation were evaluated by the formation of thiobarbituric acid relative substances (TBARS) and relative electrophoretic mobility (REM). Results : Calibration curves were acquired with $r^2{\geq}0.9999$. The values of limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.06-0.29 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 0.20-0.98 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The amounts of geniposide, liquiritin, baicalin, and glycyrrhizin in BPTSS were 5.06, 7.33, 27.56, and 7.81 mg/g, respectively. The BPTSS showed the radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration required for 50% reduction (RC50) against ABTS and DPPH radicals were 72.51 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 128.49 ${\mu}g/mL$. Furthermore, GMGHT reduced the oxidation properties of LDL induced by CuSO4. Conclusions : The established HPLC-PDA method will be helpful to improve quality control of BPTSS. In addition, BPTSS has potentials as therapeutic agent on anti-atherosclerosis.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.740-746
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• 2009

In the present study, the drowning-out crystallization of L(+)-calcium lactate was investigated in order to develop the crystallization separation process. The crystallization of the calcium lactate was induced by injecting the alcoholic anti-solvent into the aqueous solution of calcium lactate and the control of the calcium lactate crystal size during the crystallization was primarily investigated under the consideration of the anti-solvent species, anti-solvent composition and agitation speed as the key operating factors. Alcohols of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and i-propanol were used as the anti-solvent for the drowning-out crystallization. Prior to the crystallization experiment, the solubility of calcium lactate in the water-alcohol mixture was measured along with the variation of the alcohol species and composition, which was necessary to estimate the supersaturation level of the crystallization. By the drowning-out crystallization, the calcium lactate crystals of the fabric shape were obtained. Using the ethanol as the antisolvent, the fabric crystals close to the needle shape were produced. However, the hairy crystals were obtained by using the propanol as the anti-solvent. Due to such morphological features, the crystals was highly apt to form the aggregates. The aggregation of the crystals was intensified as increasing the alcohol fraction in the water-alcohol mixture. Meanwhile, the agitation caused the breakage of crystals, resulting in the decrease of the crystal size. Therefore, the crystal size in the crystallization was predominantly determined by the competition between the crystal aggregation and breakage.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2016

Increasing clinical demand for carbon-11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals has triggered technological advances in fields of radiochemistry and automated modules. Even though carbon-11 has a short half-life ($t_{1/2}=20.4min$), the consecutive second production of carbon-11 labeled radiopharmaceutical in one $^{11}C$-synthetic module should be delayed at least over 4 h to avoid the high radiation exposure. We herein aimed to produce two different carbon-11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals ([$^{11}C$]PIB and [$^{11}C$]methionine) by sharing of [$^{11}C$]methylation source in one $^{11}C$-synthetic module. The synthesis of $^{11}C$-labeling reagents ($[^{11}C]CH_3I$ or $[^{11}C]CH_3OTf$) is fully automated using the commercial TRACERlab $FX_{C-pro}$ module and is readily adaptable to $^{11}C$-labeling reactor for [$^{11}C$]PIB as well as another $^{11}C$-labeling apparatus for [$^{11}C$]methionine via the three-way valve. After completing the [$^{11}C$]PIB production, the re-synthesized $[^{11}C]CH_3I$ was passed through the three-way valve connected the polyetheretherketone (PEEK) line and loaded into the C18 Sep-Pak cartridge including the methionine precursor. The labeled product [^${11}C$]methionine was purified by a simple cartridge separation and reformulated into saline. The radiochemical yield of [$^{11}C$]PIB and [$^{11}C$]methionine were $5.3{\pm}0.6%$ and $18.7{\pm}0.8%$ (n.d.c.), respectively, with over 97% of radiochemical purity. The specific activity of [$^{11}C$]PIB was over $110GBq/{\mu}mol$. Total production time of two radiopharmaceuticals needs about 2 h from $1^{st}$ beam irradiation including quality control tests. Final [$^{11}C$]PIB and [$^{11}C$]methionine were satisfied all quality control test standards.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.411-419
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• 1996

In this research, an extractive production system for alkaloids, where production and some degree of separation occur simultaneously, was developed in a way that the fast removal of alkaloid produced from the suspension cultures was done by capturing alkaloid with cyclodextrins. The alkaloid production was substantially enhanced up to 40 fold when the solid cultures of E. califonica cells treated with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin compared to the control. The enhancement of alkaloid production was also observed in the suspension cultures. Interestingly, the production pattern seemed to change when the cultures were treated with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin so that the major part of the alkaloids in the treated cultures was present in the medium, while the non-treated cultures produced the alkaloids intracellularly. ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin was the most effective one in terms of the alkaloid production among the cyclodextrilns(${\alpha}$-cylodextrin, ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin and ${\gamma}$-cyclodextrin) tested in the suspension cultures. ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin showed no adverse effect on the cell growth. The most effective concentration of ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin was observed around 1.5% (w/v) in the suspension cultures. The formation of the inclusion complex of the alkaloids with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin in the suspension cultures was confirmed by detecting the shift of UV absorbance from 274 nm to 282 nm with a UV spectrophotometer.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.288-296
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• 2007

Distraction osteogenesis(DO) is a technique of lengthning bone including soft tissue by gradual separation of surgically divided bone surfaces. Distraction osteogenesis combination with a compression stimulation(DO-CO) was a new technique by authors to enhance new bone quality and to shorten the consolidation period. The purpose of this study was to compare DO with DO combined with compression force in efficiency by evaluating the expression of TGF-${\beta}1$, osteonectin and BMP-4 on bone regenerate in rabbit mandible. Fourty two rabbits were used for this experiment. On the control group, the distraction was carried out at the rate of 1 mm per day to obtain the amount of 8 mm distraction for 8 days. On the experimental group, the distraction was carried out at the rate of 1 mm per day for 10 days, 3 days-latency period, and then the compression was carried out as counter direction 1 mm per day for 2 days. After 0 day, 5 days, 13 days, 20 days, 27 days, 34 days and 41 days, three rabbits on each group were sacrificed and the distracted portion of mandible were cut and treated for RT-PCR observation. The level of expression of TGF-${\beta}1$ and osteonectin were shown more and longer expression in the experimental group than in the control group. The expression of BMP-4 was maintained with high level during the entire experimental period in both groups. These findings suggested that DO with compression stimulation could be a favorable technique for obtaining a good new bone quality.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.199-202
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• 2008

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of hesperidin and glycyrrhizin was established for the quality control of traditional herbal medicinal preparation, Pyungwi-san (PWS). Separation and quantification were successfully achieved with a Waters XTerra RP18 column ($5{\mu}m$, 4.6 mm I.D. ${\times}$ 150 mm) by gradient elution of a mixture of acetonitrile and water containing 0.03% phosphoric acid (pH 2.03) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The diode-array UV/vis detector (DAD) was used for the detection and the wavelength for quantification was set at 230 nm. The presence of hesperidin and glycyrrhizin in this extract was ascertained by retention time, spiking with each authentic standard and UV spectrum. All four compounds showed good linearity $(r^2>0.995)$ in a relatively wide concentration ranges. The R.S.D. for intra-day and inter-day precision was less than 7.0% and the limits of detection (LOD) were less than 60 ng. The mean recovery of each compound was 99.0-105.6% with R.S.D. values less than 4.0%. This method was successfully applied to the determination of contents of hesperidin and glycyrrhizin in three commercial products of PWS. These results suggest that the developed HPLC method is simple, effective and could be readily utilized as a quality control method for commercial PWS products.