• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.539-551
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the vegetation structure and ecological characteristics of the coastal forest Pinus thunbergii community in Busan Metropolitan City (BMC) and to establish reference information for the management of the coastal forest in BMC in the future. We set up 97 plots with an area of $100m^2$ each for the analysis and investigation of the vegetation characteristics. The analysis using the TWINSPAN and DCA techniques found seven community groups: Pinus thunbergii-Quercus aliena community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica(1) community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica(2) community, Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica(1) community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica(2) community, and Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica-Camellia japonica community. According to the analysis of vegetation structure, Pinus thunbergii was a main dominant species at the canopy layer in all sites while Eurya japonica and Camellia japonica were dominant species at the understory layer. Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata community is predicted in the forest succession because of the competition between Pinus thunbergii and Quercus serrata in the canopy layer and the understory layer. As such, it is necessary to observe changes by continually monitoring this community. Tree species with strong salinity tolerance, including Pinus thunbergii, have formed community groups because of the environmental characteristics of coastal forests, strong with salinity tolerance species are forming community groups. Therefore, all community groups except for the Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata community will maintain the current vegetation structure unless drastic environmental changes occur.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.167-182
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• 2021

This study was carried out to investigate temporal and spatial distribution of macrobenthic community and elucidate effects of environmental factors on change of community structure in an intertidal flat, Hakseong-ri, Boryeong, Korea. Field surveys were seasonally conducted to collect samples of sediment and macrobenthos using can core in triplicate at nine stations in 2016 and 2017. Our results showed that sediment had high mud content (above 60%) in most samples and mean content of loss on ignition was 2.3% in 2016. A total of 79 species was collected in the study site during the study period. Mean density and biomass were 611 ind./m² and 64.1 gWWt/m², respectively. Heteromastus filiformis was the dominant species (48.6%, 297 ind./m²) followed by Macrophthalmus japonicus (10.1%, 62 ind./m²) and Upogebia major (6.9%, 42 ind./m²). Three assembly groups resulted from cluster analysis were more distinguished by interaction between organisms and frequency of dominant species than by physical and chemical environment characteristics. In addition, macrobenthic community in the Hakseong intertidal flat showed seasonal changes based on non metric multidimensional scaling using species abundance.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.575-581
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• 2022

Brown rats (Rattus norvegicusBerkenhout, 1769) were eradicated from Sasudo Island (33°55'13.04" N, 126°38'19.98" E), an uninhabited island designated as Natural Monument No. 333 and the largest breeding site for the streaked shearwater (Calonectris leucomelasTemminck, 1835) in South Korea. Twelve eradication studies were conducted from November 2015 to February 2021. The survey was conducted using a line census method that entailed slow wandering throughout the island and identifying starting and returning points. Capture traps were installed around traces of Rattus norvegicus,such as excrement and identified holes. As a result, 2 to 6 individuals were captured at each instance, except for the last time, when no individuals were captured. It is hypothesized that brown rats arrived at Sasudo Island via vessels arriving at the island for leisure and fishing. After the damage to streaked shearwater caused by brown rats was confirmed in 2006, entry to Sasudo Island was strictly prohibited through security measures, and marine clean-up programs that began in 2013 and continuous capturing since 2015 have been successful in eradicating brown rats. To maintain and manage the condition in Sasudo Island, preservation and management measures, such as strict visitor control, are necessary to prevent the inflow of new brown rats in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 2006

The purpose of the study w3s to investigate the consumption pattern of the Korean traditional foods of the elementary schoolchildren living in urban and rural area. For the investigation, 373 fifth-grade elementary schoolchildren in Incheon and Gangwhado were surveyed by a questionnaire and the data were analyzed by the SPSS 10.0 program. As for the frequency to take the Korean traditional foods, bab and kimchi are taken almost everyday, and gug, jjigae, jorim, gui, namul are taken frequently. And juk, jeongol, jeon, sanjeog, jutgal, hangwa and umryo were shown to be taken occasionally. There were statistical differences in the frequencies of the Korean traditional food consumption by the residence and the gender. The students in urban area take hinbab, jabgokbab, hobakjuk deonjanggug, sangsunjorim, jangiorim more frequently than the students in rural area. The students in rural area take mandu, kuksoo, yeongunjorim and kongiorim more frequently than the students in urban area Female students take sangsunjorim, jangiorim, sangsungui, bulgogi, sangsunjeon, hobakjeon, sukchae, jutgal and oiji more frequently than male students. Most of the schoolchildren answered that in the future they would like to take the traditional foods more frequently than now. There was statistical difference by the gender. As for the food such as bibimbab, gug, jjigae, jeon, namul and jang-aji, female students responded to take more frequently than male students. The 39.1% of them responded that the taste is the point to be most improved in the future. But there was no statistical difference by gender and the residence In order to make the taste of traditional food more attractive to modem people, the 37.8% of them replied it does not need to change the traditional preparation method. However, similar percentage of the schoolchildren(35.7%) answered it is needed to change partly the traditional preparation method. As for the effect of traditional foods on health, the 68.4% of schoolchildren thought that the our traditional foods are healthier than western foods.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2024

This study conducted surveys to identify the distribution of communities and flora according to vegetation in the coastal sand dunes of Sagye in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, located at the southernmost tip of Korea. The survey was conducted over 20 sessions from April 2020 to October 2021. As a result of the study, physiognomy was classified into six correlated vegetation types: plant communities on the salt marsh, annual communities on a coastal drift-line, herb communities on a dune, shrub communities on a coastal dune, forest-edge communities on a dune, and artificial afforestation vegetation. The survey identified 43 communities, and a total of 212 taxa were found to be distributed among 62 families, 166 genera, 191 species, 15 varieties, 3 subspecies, and 3 forma. It was found that there were five rare plant taxa distributed in the area, including the Cymbidium macrorrhizum which was classified as an endangered Class II plant by the Ministry of Environment. Floristic target species identified by the surveys included 2 taxa for grade V, 5 taxa for grade IV, 15 taxa for grade III, 14 taxa for grade II, and 19 taxa for grade I. Climate-sensitive biological indicator species included 11 indicator and 2 candidate species, representing a high ratio of 33.3% of all indicator species and 15.4% of candidate species. Naturalized plants included 16 families, 43 genera, and 52 taxa, with a naturalization rate of 21.1% and an urbanization index of 24.5%. It is expected that these results will be widely used as data needed to prepare conservation and management measures for biodiversity in response to climate change in coastal dunes in the future.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 2015

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important feeding crop in Asia, and utilization of genetically modified (GM) rice is highly demanding. For co-existence of GM rice and non-GM rice, the proper confinement measures should be provided. Thus, we surveyed gene flow from herbicide resistant GM rice to the conventional rice cultivars in the field tests. Gene flow frequency decreased with increasing distance between the pollen donor and recipients and did not exceed more than 1% even at the nearest distance. In single recipient model plot, a maximum gene flow frequency was observed at the shortest distance and hybrid was detected up to 12 m from the pollen donor. The direction of gene was coincided with the dominant wind direction. Gene flow assessment to multiple recipient plots was conducted under the high raining season by chance, and abrupt decline of gene flow frequency and maximum distance were resulted. According to the survey results, current regulation for isolation distance is reasonable for environmental safety or for general crop production. However, we suggest an alternative measure for GM rice cultivation that should be supplemented to overcome the out of estimation and in the environment asking higher security levels.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.505-515
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of stream nutrient regime, N:P ratios and suspended solids on fish tolerance/trophic compositions and stream ecosystem health, based on multi-metric model, during 2008-2013. Also, stream ecosystem health was evaluated in relation to chlorophyll-a (CHL) as a measure of algal productivity or indicators of trophic state to water chemical parameters. Total number of sampled fish species were 50 and showed a decreasing trend from 2008 to 2013. The minnow of Zacco platypus, based on the catch per unit effort (CPUE), was the most dominant species (25.9%) among the all species. Spatial heterogeneity was evident in the fish tolerance guilds that showed the dominance of sensitive species (89%) in the headwaters (S1) and the dominance of tolerant species (57%) in the urban. These conditions were directly influenced by concentrations of nutrients and organic matter (COD). The N:P ratios, as a barometer of water pollution, had a negative linear function (R² = 0.40, P < 0.01) with CHL, and the ratios had an important role in changes of COD concentration (R² = 0.40, P < 0.01). Under the circumstances, the N:P ratio directly influenced the relative proportions of fish trophic/tolerance compositions. According to the regression analysis of omnivore (O_m) and insectivore sp. (I_n) on total nitrogen and total phosphorus, nitrogen had no significant influences (P > 0.05) to the two compositions, but phosphorus influenced directly the two guilds [slope (a) = -32.3, R² = 0.25, P < 0.01 in the I_n; a = 40.7, R² = 0.19, P < 0.01 in the O_m]. Such water chemistry and fish trophic guilds determined the stream ecosystem health, based on the multi-metric fish model.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2013

In oriental medicine, the skin of the face and the body is the mirror of the viscera and bowels. Skin aging is measured according to the elasticity and glossiness of the skin, which is perceived as a matter of fluid-humor within the realms of oriental medicine. Fluid-humor refers to normal body fluid that makes the skin moist and supple and the hair bright and glossy. If the body is lacking fluid-humor, the hair and skin will be dry and coarse. 'The improvement of fluid-humor (nutrition)' is facilitated based on the oriental physiological change theory for middle-aged women. A new study is therefore necessary to develop oriental herbal cosmetics for young women in their 20s. As yet, there has been no study on the effect of herbal cosmetics formulated for middle-aged women and used by young women in their 20s. This study aims to investigate the effect of 'the improvement of fluid-humor' for the skin of young women in their 20s within the theory of oriental medicine. This kind of study is essential for oriental skin care and the development of diverse oriental herbal cosmetics. To determine the effect of oriental herbal cosmetics on young women in their 20s based on the theory of oriental medicine, which says that a shortage of fluid-humor causes skin aging, this study has examined the skin conditions of young women in their 20s and how satisfied they are with oriental herbal cosmetics through an objective equipment-based measurement and subjective questionnaire survey.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Anthocyanins, potential health-promoting compounds, were major natural pigment in the blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The objectives of this study was to investigate anthocyanin glycosides in the blueberry varieties.METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of seventeen anthocyanins were identified from highbush blueberry using HPLC (representatives, 530 nm) and ESI-MS in positive ion mode. The individual anthocyanins are containing cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, and petunidin moieties which are acylated with aliphatic acid (acetic acid) and conjugated with sugar moieties (arabinose, galactose, and glucose). Among them, delphinidin 3-O-galactoside (D3Ga), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pn3G) + malvidin 3-O-galactoside (M3Ga) were major compounds in varieties. Total anthocyanins were found the highest level in 'Elizabeth' (1,406.3 mg/100 g dry weight) which was 3-fold higher than 'Darrow' (465.7). Especially, D3Ga was presented the 32% of total anthocyanins followed by Pn3G + M3Ga (20%) in 'Elizabeth'.CONCLUSION: This result was showed as valuable information regarding nutritional properties of the different varieties of the highbush blueberry.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.111-119
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• 2018

Background: Juniperus chinensis L. populations are distributed locally on several areas including coastal cliffs which are difficult to access in the central eastern Korea. Wild populations inhabit relatively barren environments such as rocky areas and cliffs, which are very sensitive to even minor environmental disturbances including artificial interventions and natural disturbances, and thus demonstrate great fluctuations in the population size and density. This study aims to analyze the genetic diversity, differentiation, and genetic structure of each population in order to provide useful data required to establish a substantial conservation strategy of J. chinensis. Results: The genetic diversity of J. chinensis at the population level (P = 78.7%, h = 0.282, S.I. = 0.420) was somewhat higher compared with those measured in the same genus, Juniperus. The genetic differentiation degree among nine populations established naturally in central eastern Korea was 11.50% and that among sub-populations within the same area was 5.52%. On the other hand, genetic variation of individuals within the populations was 82.93%. But frequency of the main allele was different among loci. In particular, fixation of allele frequency and occurrence of rare allele in the highly isolated population suggest a likelihood that genetic drift would occur in populations of this plant. As the result of analysis on the genetic structure of nine populations, nearby populations and isolated populations tended to form separate clusters from each other as the hypothetical number of clusters (K) increase. Conclusions: This result implies that if the population size of J. chinensis is reduced due to environmental change and artificial and/or natural disturbances in the future, it could affect negatively on the genetic diversity of the plant species. In order to maintain and conserve genetic diversity of J. chinensis, ecological network, which can help genetic exchange among the local populations, should be prepared, and conservation strategies in situ as well as ex situ are also required with continuous monitoring.