• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.81-89
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to develop data base and interface for sofa consumers and sofa designers. The human sensibility ergonomics method was used to find the consumer needs and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method was used to extract the designing characteristics required for sofa production. About 200 words and 100 images were gathered from sofa and furniture related catalogs and internet sites to find the best emotional words and images that can express the various sofa aspect. Among the collected words and images, 34 emotional words were selected for sensibility experiment according to the opinions of experts, relations of closeness and frequency of use, and 50 images were selected for the experiment by the diversity. Selected words and images were used for the semantic differential method with 94 subjects, and sensibility characteristics of sofas were defined through various statistical analysis methods including basic statistical analysis, factor analysis and multi-dimensional scale. In reflecting design characteristics of sofas, design factors of sofas were divided into backrest, seat, armrest, neck support and leg, and relative importance of each factor for design was determined with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) by utilizing the experts' opinions. Based on the results above, relationship analysis between emotional evaluation results and design factors was performed. Also, as various sofa images are presented diagrammatically through multidimensional scaling method, it can be used as an important tool for the development of sofa design. This study will contribute improving the product quality of sofas as it enables applying consumer needs into the sofa design.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.753-763
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• 2018

The image of scientists that learners have has an important impact on science learning and on science-related career choices. The image of the scientist was mainly analyzed using the drawing analysis method. Drawing analysis has limitations on drawing, mainly analyzing the external image of scientist. Science teachers' images of scientists and their perception of science-related careers are important factors in students' science learning and science-related career choices. However, research on science teachers is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the usefulness of measurement tools by developing and applying a scientist image measurement tool through the semantic analysis method, and to discuss the educational implications of the research by investigating the image of scientists and science-related professions of secondary pre-service science teachers. The subjects of the study were 79 male and 55 female for a total of 134 students in the 2nd and 3rd grades majoring in science education at a teachers college. The results of the research show that the image measurement tool consisted of four components: 'ability,' 'evaluation,' 'activity,' and 'emotion,' in 24 items. As a result of applying the developed measurement tool to the secondary pre-service science teachers, the image of the 'evaluation,' 'ability,' and 'activity' elements of the scientist were high, but 'emotion' was low. There was no statistically significant difference according to gender. It is found that science-related career perceive them as 'hard,' 'professional,' 'smart,' and 'complex.' In particular, male students perceive themselves as 'hard and difficult' while female students perceive it as 'challenging and complicated'. Finally, we discussed the usefulness of using the image measurement tool of the scientists, the image of the scientists of the secondary pre-service science teachers, and the educational implications on science-related career.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.401-407
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• 2013

In parallel with the development of ship equipment, bridge systems have been improved, but marine accidents due to human error have not been reduced. Recently, research in nautical bridge equipment has focused on suitable ergonomic designs in order to reduce these errors due to human factors. In a bridge of a ship, there are numerous auditory signals that deliver important information clearly to the sailors. However, only a few studies have been conducted related to the human recognition of these auditory signals. There are three types of auditory signals: voice alarms, abstract sounds, and auditory icons. This study was conducted in order to design more appropriate auditory icons using a sensibility evaluation method. The auditory icons were rated to have five warning situations (engine failure, fire, steering failure, low power, and collision) using the Semantic Differential Method. It is expected that the results of this study will be used as basic data for auditory displays inside bridges and for integrated bridge alarm systems.

• Archives of design research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2001

In order to design the products that impression or emotional taste influence the purchase, feedback is necessary as useful data for better idea sketches through users emotional evaluation in early stage of design process. On the other hand, it was required to make judgments individually in previous image evaluations for emotional evaluations such as semantic differential method (SD method) that objects have been considered as classified tendency. However those SD methods are not enough to reflect flexible human capability with similarity judgment in object perceptual process. Therefore, this study proposes a classification of stimulus based on intuitive judgment and a hierarchical image evaluation method based on analysis of hierarchical process and fuzzy integration. The evaluation will be conducted through the order of process, intuitive classification of objective stimulus and items, definition of representatives in each class. Evaluation for each image of the stimulus, calculation of prior raking based on fuzzy integration. The evaluation supportive software is developed to conduct this evaluation process under interactive environments.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.240-249
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• 2020

This study reviews studies that used skin temperature in order to establish an emotion evaluation protocol based on skin temperature for home appliances. A survey of skin temperature evaluation papers was conducted by the following five stages: (1) keyword search, (2) title screening, (3) abstract screening, (4) full paper screening, and (5) relevance evaluation. Selected papers were reviewed for: purpose, recruitment criteria of participants, the number of participants, apparatus, procedure, measures, analysis methods, and major findings. Thermistor sensors and thermography are used for the measurement of skin temperature. Skin temperature sensors are attached to 4 - 10 locations on the body and their mean of skin temperature is calculated by Ramanatan's 4-point or Hardy & Dubois's 7-point method. Semantic differential (SD) method and thermography measuring facial surface temperature have been used for emotion evaluation. The SD method provides a set of adjective pairs related to a product and evaluates changes in emotion from the use of the product. The range of facial surface analyzed is defined in the thermal image and temperature changes before and after the evaluation are analyzed. The evaluation items of home appliances include form, color, material, aesthetics, satisfaction, novelty, convenience, pleasantness, and excellence. Many existing emotion studies using skin temperature do not apply physiological and psychological methods. This study provides basic data to establish a skin temperature and emotion evaluation protocol by examining literature for skin temperature and evaluation of sensitivity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1987

To study the visual evaluation on the effect of ruffle's gather, the aesthetic evaluation on the gather's measurements and the image evaluation were performed. Evaluated fabrics were cotton, wool ani synthetic fiber, and 3 kinds of thickness for each fabric were selected. In order to seek for aesthetic gather's measurements, we performed the sensory test by the Rank Method on 5 kinds of gather's measurements(I.5 times, 1. 8times, 2times, 2.5 times, 3 times). For the image evaluation on the effect of the gather, we performed the sensory test by the Semantic Differential Method on the gather's measurements were got high score in the sensory test of the gather's measurements and analyzed by means of a Factor Analysis. The results were as follows. 1. Except 2 times of fabric $A_1$(thin cotton), the aesthetic gather's measurements of the ruffle were evaluted 2.5 times in cotton and synthetic fiber, and 2 times in wool. Generally the aesthetic gather's measurements of the ruffle were 2$\~$2.5 times. 2. The image characteristics of the ruffle were established the characteristics of the fabrics as factor 1, the characteristics of the atomosphere as factor 2 and the characteristics of the drape as factor 3. Therefore, we must consider the characteristics of the fabric, the atomosphere and the drape of the ruffle in production of the ruffle.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1 s.108
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• pp.33-48
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to discover the landscape visual image of the slope scene and their harmony with surrounding sceneries. This research utilized the basic study tool of psycho-physics and processed the case study of ten types of slope construction scene along the highway. The analysis was performed by the data obtained from the questionnaires and the photos for the slope construction scene. The questionnaires for analysis the image of the slope construction scene and their harmony with surrounding sceneries were designed using semantic differential scale and 5 point Likert-scale. The major findings were as follows. 1. At the part of the visual preferences analysis, the slope revegetation methods showed high level of preferences generally than on the slope structure methods. While the slope revegetation methods were estimated friendly, continuity, harmonious, soft, light and wide, the slope revegetation methods were estimated unstable, female, static, simple, omnipresent, appeared as policeman of weak inclination. Also the slope structure methods were estimated stable, manly, complicated, steep and healthy but rough, unharmonious, unfamiliar and heavy. 2. Psychological factors, related to the satisfaction for the slope revegetation methods were composed of three factors, aesthetic, individuality and physical character. And the slope structure methods were composed of five factors, aesthetic, individuality, stability, physical character, and complexity. 3. At the part of harmony with surrounding landscapes, the slope revegetation methods were evaluated highly but the slope structure methods received the lowest evaluation. Also the harmony analysis with surrounding view on the slope revegetation methods showed degree of high more than average in all texture, form, color and scale but the slope structure methods showed degree of fewer than average degree in form, scale, color and texture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.646-660
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of the visual evaluation about Clothing form and the surface image of detail. This study consists of pre-experiment for selecting the method of expression among detail which shows difference of the image and main experiment for identifying the clothing image as clothing form and the suface image of detial. Main experiment is made of factorial design for three variables-clothing form (H-line, A-line, V-line, X-line), detail (frill, tape), direction (width, length). Questionaire consists of 24 semantic differential scale expressing clothing form and detail. The subjects were 100 female students majoring in clothing and textile.7he data were analyzed by Frequencey, Factor analysis, Anova, scheffe's test and MCA method. The major findings were; 1) The image of clothing form and the surface image of detail were composed of 5 factors; attractiveness, prettiness, attention, modern, young. 2) For the visual evaluation of clothing form as the surface image of detail, there were significant differences in prettiness and attention factors. For the pretty and attentive image, we should express by the image of frill. 3) For the visual evaluation of the image of detail as clothing forms variation, there were significant difference in prettiness by A-line and X-line. 4) For the effect of clothing form and the surface image of detail, main effect was significant in attractiveness, prettiness, attention, modern factor. For the pretty image of clothing, it will be expressed by the image of frill and A-line, X-line. For the attentive image of clothing, it will be expressed by the image of frill and V-line. For the modern image of clothing, it will be expressed by the image of tape and V-line.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.101-115
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• 1991

A study on the method of evaluation the urban amenity structure in Pusan city was established. Finally a survey sites out of 41 regions were selected on the basis of questionnaires : Taejong-dae and Haeun-dae as a seascape, Pumosa and Daesin-park as a mountain, Daechong-park and Seongjigok-park as a mixed, and Chungryulsa, Yongdoosan-park and U. N. Cemetry as a urban type. The abstracted results of amenity elements were revealed as natural environments including convex type as beach, reservoir, valley and mountain, and plant elements including woods and flower beds which raised amenity. The elements of social surroundings including children's playing, the aged's rest, and elements of structures including historic and memorial structures and high buildings. Amenity element made up of each space by region were abstracted from the Semantic Differential method. According to the factor analysis on the ground SD scale values, Kaiser's measure of sampling adequacy for 24 variables is 08602 and very high. Four factors including pleasantness, healthiness, convenience and safety showed 54.42 percent for total variance. By means of multiple regression, the model was as follows : Y=1.6636+0.3684X4+0.1955X11+0.1614X15-0.1688X23+0.1468X24. Therefore, Y:amenity, X4:beautiful-ugly, X11:clean-dirty, X15:creative-imitative, X23:cozy-dreary, X24:free-restrained. All variables in the model were significant at 0.001 level. According to the results of regression on satisfaction, the variables of satisfaction affecting amenity are the size of green space, the condition of management and the harmony with the surroundings. I think the considerating on the above could improve amenity of each region and further Pusan city.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.5 no.1 s.9
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• pp.35-44
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to find the bi-polar adjectives for rural stream landscape evaluation by the semantic differential scale and to suggest the major determinants of visual preference in rural stream landscapes. For this, the bi-polar adjectives for rural stream landscape evaluation was found by the method of the reliability test, and the spatial image was analyzed by the factor analysis. The level of visual preference was measured by slide simulation test, and these data were analyzed by the multiple regression. The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows : 1) Of the bi-polar adjectives expressing psychological and physical characteristics, the hi-polar adjectives which demonstrated reliability and consistency run as follows : Bi-polar adjectives expressing psychological characteristics : 'calm-bustling', 'unfamiliar-familiar', 'still-active','depressing-brisk', 'discomfortable-comfortable', 'suppressed-free', 'lifeless-living', 'quiet-noisy', 'unpleasant-pleasant'. Bi-polar adjectives expressing physical characteristics : 'artificial-natural', 'narrow-wide', 'rocky-not rocky', 'desolate-fertile', 'dirty-clean', 'enclosed-open', 'flat-steep', 'not gravelly-gravelly', 'thicketed-not thicketed', 'not weedy-weedy'. 2) Two factors, the harmony and the movement, were derived from the factor analysis for the psychological variables. Three factors, the naturalness, the rock, and the vegetation, were derived from the factor analysis for the physical variables. 3) Rural stream landscape types were classified into four types by the multi-dimensional scaling method. Type III, IV obtained higher rank of visual preference and type I, II obtained lower. 4) For all types, the factors determining the level of visual preference were found to be the harmony, the naturalness, and the vegetation. The visual preference determinants of rural stream landscape need to be considered in improving or restoring the rural stream landscapes.