• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.286-298
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• 1997

This study was aimed at examining the pattern of dietary fat intake of 120 university female students living in Kongju city in order to provide baseic data for establishing the dietary grideline of desirable fat intake. The subjects were divided into three groups according to living arrangenment ; family home(FH), or dormitory(DM), or self-boarding house(SB). Fat consumption of subjects was surveyed by two-day food records, and profiles of fatty acid and cholesterol taken were calculated based upon the data reported their contents of foods. The result was that mean daily fat intake was 42$\pm$2g for FH, 48$\pm$4g for DM and 41$\pm$3g for SB. The calorie intake by fat was 20.8, 21.5, and 20.4% respectively. The ratio of P/M/S was 1.3/1.7/1 for FH, 1.3/1.6/1 for DM and 1, .5/1.5/1 for SB. And the ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acid was 5.2/1 for FH, 8.3/1 for DM and 7.2/1 for SB. Daily cholesterol intake was 208$\pm$20mg for FH, 223$\pm$29mg for DM and 251$\pm$27mg for SB. In addition, intake of n-3 fatty acid was 1.2$\pm$0.2g for FH, 0.9$\pm$0.1g for DM and 1.2$\pm$0.2g for DB. Considering the food source of fatty acids, saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid were taken primarily from animal foods, especially milk and milk products, and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid was taken from vegetable oils and fats. As a major source of n-3 fatty acid, linolenic acid was obtained through vegetable oils and fats, and eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were provided by fishes and their products. There patterns of fatty acid intakes did not differ according to living arrangement. The above results showed that intakes of fat and cholesterol, and ratios of P/M/S and n-6/n-3 fatty acid were overall desirable in all groups. However, intake of n-3 fatty acid was low in all groups. Therefore, consumption of perilla oil, legumes and fishes as a source of n-3 fatty acid should be increased by substituting other food source which provide fats and oils because calorie intake by fat was enough in these subject.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.63-71
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• 2017

In today's society interest in beautiful death is rising. This study investigated the perception of death and well-dying-terminal care attitude-of nursing students and determined the factors that influence their attitude on terminal care and beautiful death. Data was collected from 319 baccalaureate nursing students in S-City, Kyunggido, in Korea using a self-reported questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Person's correlation coefficients, and multiple stepwise regression, using WIN SPSS 18.0 program. There were significant differences in terminal care attitude of subjects in accordance with the experience of hospice education (F=2.53, p=.012), experience with the death of close acquaintances (F=3.37, p=.001), and perceived health status (F=5.37 p=.005). There was a positive correlation between perception of death and well-dying (r=.23, p<.001), and the relationship between well-dying and terminal care attitudes was also statistically significant (r=.22, p<.001). Factors that influence the attitude on terminal care were well-dying (${\beta}=.19$) and experience with the death of close acquaintances (${\beta}=.16$). It is necessary to develop an education program for nursing students to promote positive attitudes toward the perception of death and well-dying, as well as toward terminal care.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8107-8112
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• 2016

Background and Aims: Colorectal cancer is the second most frequent cancer in Malaysia. We aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Malaysian Chinese version of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire core (QLQ-C30) in patients with colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: Translated versions of the QLQ-C30 were obtained from the EORTC. A cross sectional study design was used to obtain data from patients receiving treatment at two teaching hospitals in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Malaysian Chinese version of QLQ-C30 was self-administered in 96 patients while the Karnofsky Performance Scales (KPS) was generated by attending surgeons. Statistical analysis included reliability, convergent, discriminate validity, and known-groups comparisons. Statistical significance was based on p value ${\leq}0.05$. Results: The internal consistencies of the Malaysian Chinese version were acceptable [Cronbach's alpha (${\alpha}{\geq}0.70$)] in the global health status/overall quality of life (GHS/QOL), functioning scales except cognitive scale (${\alpha}{\leq}0.32$) in all levels of analysis, and social/family functioning scale (${\alpha}=0.63$) in patients without a stoma. All questionnaire items fulfilled the criteria for convergent and discriminant validity except question number 5, with correlation with role (r = 0.62) and social/family (r = 0.41) functioning higher than with physical functioning scales (r = 0.34). The test-retest coefficients in the GHS/QOL, functioning scales and in most of the symptoms scales were moderate to high (r = 0.58 to 1.00). Patients with a stoma reported statistically significant lower physical functioning (p=0.015), social/family functioning (p=0.013), and higher constipation (p=0.010) and financial difficulty (p=0.037) compared to patients without stoma. There was no significant difference between patients with high and low KPS scores. Conclusions: Malaysian Chinese version of the QLQ-C30 is a valid and reliable measure of HRQOL in patients with colorectal cancer.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.491-500
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• 2014

This study aimed to assess the influence of burnout with satisfaction of basic psychological needs among nurses. From oct, 25, 2013 to nov, 25, 2013, participants included 160 nurses from 6 major general hospital located in urban areas in Korea. Data for basic psychological needs and burnout were collected through a self-reported questionnaire and were analyzed with independent t-test and analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis. This study shows negative correlations between burnout and autonomy(r=-.45, P<.001), competency(r=-.52, P<.001), relatedness(r=-.49, P<.001). The variables predicting burnout were autonomy(${\beta}=-.26$), competency(${\beta}=-.30$), relatedness(${\beta}=-.12$), age(${\beta}=-.17$), number of service years(${\beta}=.09$). These variables accounted for 34.3% of the variance of burnout in nurses. Our results indicated that it is necessary to increase basic psycological needs to decrease burnout. Therefore nursing managers should develop programs in order to increase autonomy, relatedness and competency.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.559-569
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• 2020

This study was conducted to examine relationships among job environment, psychological work demand, fatigue, musculoskeletal symptoms, then to investigate the factors influencing musculoskeletal symptoms of care workers in long-term care hospitals. A total of 128 care workers recruited from three long-term care hospitals in S city. Self-reported questionnaire survey was conducted from April to May, 2020. The results were as follows: The musculoskeletal symptoms of the care workers were the sum of the frequency of symptom occurrence, duration of symptoms, and intensity of pain in the three parts of the shoulder, hand/wrist/finger, and waist. The average score was 11.41±9.50 points out of 42. According to the hierarchical regression analysis, their musculoskeletal symptoms were significantly influenced by working department(β=.18, p=.034), psychological work demand(β=.21, p=.013) and fatigue(β=.25, p=.003), explained 21.6% of the total variance(F=6.87, p<.001). Based on our results, in order to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms of care workers in nursing hospitals, it is necessary to develop and apply an intervention program that can reduce psychological work demand and fatigue in consideration of the severity of the patient in charge.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.310-316
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between stress and oral symptoms, and quality of life in university students. This survey was performed on 452 university students in the Daejeon area. The research was conducted during 2 weeks in June 2016 using a self-reported questionnaire. The data were analyzed by PASW Statistics ver. 18.0. According to the findings of the study, higher levels of stress were detected in girls than in boys (p<0.05). Stress had a significant impact on the symptoms of dry mouth, bad breath, and temporomandibular pain (p<0.05). The high-stress group experienced a negative impact on oral impacts on daily performance (OIDP) scores as compared to the group with lower stress. Stress had a significantly positive correlation with dry mouth, bad breath, temporomandibular joint (TMJ). OIDP was a significant positive correlation with dry mouth, bad breath, TMJ and stress. The findings of the study showed that stress exerted a significant influence on the oral symptoms and quality of life in university student.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to explore the stressors in pediatric intensive care unit and impaired psychological responses of children after open heart surgery. Sixteen children aged 6 to 11, who were admitted to the hospital for open heart surgery during the period from July, 1991 to February, 1992 were the subjects of the study. Observations, drawings, and interviews were used to collect data for study. Behavioral responses about intensive care unit phenomena were analyzed according to the 4 categories identified to assess children's perceived stressors in ICU. Impaired psychological responses were examined using observational and interview data. Drawings were analyzed by content and color by this researcher and validated by the psychologist. The findings were as follows : 1. The most frequently perceived stressors by children in ICU were the physical stressors causing pain and discomfort(68.5%). It was followed by social stressors which denote disruption of relationship with family and friends(13.0% ), environmental stressors which denote unfamiliar surroundings, noise, staff, and other patients (11.2%), and psychological stressors which denote factors affecting self-esteem such as inability to communicate and inadquate knowledge of the situation (7.3%). 2. 81.3% of the children showed of least one of the impaired psychological responses. Three children (18.8%) experienced time disorientation. An equal number of subject experienced perceptual illusion. Two children(12.5%) experienced hallucination. Vivid dream about ICU phenomena was reported by 2 children. Seven children(43.8%) were identified as having exaggerated fear. They feared about oxygen mask and ICU environment in general. Seven children(43.8%) experienced impairment of memory about treatments, procedures, and environment of ICU. 3. The analysis of children's drawing revealed that 56.3% of children experienced fear in the ICU. 75% of children included nurses in the drawings and 62.5% of children drew other children. 81.3% of children drew and identified himself in the drawing. The colors used most by children were green, purple, and brown. From this result, it is recommended to prepare children before open heart surgery to reduce their stressors and impaired psychological responses in ICU.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.539-547
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• 2005

Purpose: To examine an estimate factor and grasp the relation of difference for Type A Behavior Pattern(TABP), Perceived Stress Questionnaire, Depression and HIT-6 in the Chronic headache client. Method: Data collected by self-reported questionnaires from 38 client in S city who were selected by criteria of IHS, from the $19^{th}$ of October to 10th of December, 2004. Result: 1) Differences between biographical data by TABP was significant by SaSang constitutions, by Stress was significantly influenced by age, and by Depression were significantly influenced health status and SaSang constitutions. 2) Correlations Coefficients among Study Variables were Stress and Depression(r=.494, p=.002) and Depression and HIT-6(r=.432, p=.010). 3) In regression analysis, HIT-6 were significantly influenced by Depression and Type A Behavior Pattern(TABP).These variables explained 38% and 34% respectively. Conclusion: The result suggest that chronic headache management with psychological aspect, as well as physical aspect should be a focus to enhance the quality of life.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.209-222
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• 2001

The environment in the ICU leads to negative changes in a patient's usual sleep pattern and so contributes negatively to the patient's health condition as compared to patients in general wards. Therefore, it is thought that an important nursing intervention would be to identify the relation between noise and sleep patterns which play an important role in illness recovery. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between noise in the ICU and the sleep pattern of patients admitted to the ICU. A descriptive correlation design was used to examine the relationship. Thirty-four subjects were recruited from a Medical ICU (MICU), Surgical ICU (SICU) and Coronary Care Unit (CCU) at a large university hospital in Suwon. Data were collected from September 28 to October 31 in 1999. In the present study, noise was categorized into noise level and patients' perception of noise. The objective noise level was measured using the A-Weighted Sound Level Meter. The patients' preception of noise was measured using a self-reported questionnaire developed by the researcher. Sleep patterns in this study includes both quantity and quality of sleep. These were measured using open ended questionnaires and the 'Korean Sleep Scale A' developed by Oh, Song, Kim(1998). The data was analyzed using the SPSS-WIN to test the research question, Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was run. Ancillary analysis were conducted with demographic variables to determine their relation to the main study variables. For the ancillary analysis, t-test and one-way ANOVAs were performed. The results of the present study are summerized as follows : 1. The total mean of objective noise level (10pm-6am) was 56.2dB. The means for night time noise level in individual ICUs for the SICU, MICU and CCU, were 58.7dB, 58.6dB and 48.3dB, respectively. The total mean for patients' noise perception was 42.8 out of a maximum possible score of 76. For item means of noise perception, the one ranked highest was "conversations between doctors and nurses" (3.2). The one ranked lowest was "noise from the radio" (1.2). Regarding the degree of perception for each type of noise source, the one ranked highest was "equipment noise" (2.6), the second was "conversation between medical staff" (2.4), the third was "conversation between patients, caregivers and visitors" (2.3), and the one ranked lowest was "environment noise" (1.8). 2. Looking at quantity of sleep of ICU patients, the mean nocturnal sleep time was found to be 4.9 hours. The total mean of sleep quality for ICU patients was 21.0 out of a maximum possible score of 40. 3. The relationship between perception of noise and quantity of sleep was statistically significant(r= - .41, p<.05). The relationship between perception of noise and quality of sleep was also statistically significant(r= - .47, p<.01). The results of the study indicate that personal perception of noise is related to sleep patterns. Therefore, it is suggested that nursing interventions be developed to reduce the degree of personal perception of noise and, thus, decrease sleep pattern disturbances in patients in the ICU.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.603-609
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• 2003

This study examined the reproducibility of nutrient intakes estimated by the 24-hour recall method in a prospective cohort study (Longitudinal study of aging and health monitoring of Korean elderly) of middle-aged volunteer subjects (42 males and 49 females) in the Seoul area. The three-day 24-hour recall was administered twice at an interval of approximately 6 months. The first data were collected and a corrective procedure was performed by interviewing of the subjects and a trained dietitian. The second data were collected by mail from the subjects without the performance of any corrective procedure. The mean age of the subjects was 53.5 $\pm$ 9.6 for the males and 52.2 $\pm$ 8.9 for the females. The subjects who had above college education were 95% in the case of the males and 60% in the case of the females. The characteristics of the male subjects in this study were that they were highly educated and held professional jobs and were from the middle or upper class. Comparing the first and second 24-hour recall data, the second data showed relatively lower intakes of all nutrients, except vitamin A, vitamin Bi and cholesterol. There was no difference in the nutrients of the first and the second data with respect to vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$ and cholesterol in the males and calcium, iron, sodium, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$ and cholesterol in the females. This data may indicate that the 24 hour retail method without a dietitian's help may result in lower reporting of the subject's intakes. The men had a tendency to remember less than the women. Pearson's correlation coefficients with unadjusted nutrient intakes values were ranged from 0.24 to 0.66. When energy intake was adjusted, there was a slight increase (from 0.26 to 0.71). Intra-class correlation coefficients with nutrient-unadjusted values ranged from 0.22 to 0.66, and the energy-adjusted values were ranged from 0.23 to 0.69. The weighted Kappa statistical values ranged from 0.10 to 0.40. On the average,46.3% of the subjects who were found in the lowest quartile of the nutrient intake levels based on the first 24-hour recall, were in the lowest quartile based on the second 24-hour recall. Therefore, there was a low reproducibility between the first and the second 24-hour recall. We should examine the factors influencing low reproducibility. Also, strategies should be developed to maximize the reliability of the assessment, with regard to portion-size training and telephone validation. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) : 603∼609, 2003)