• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.463-471
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• 2018

Perilla is an oilseed crop cultivated in Korea since ancient times. Due to the high ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content in perilla, perilla seed oil can easily become rancid. ${\alpha}-Linolenic$ acid is synthesized by two enzymes, endoplasmic reticulum-localized ${\Delta}15$ desaturase (FAD3) and chloroplast-localized ${\Delta}15$ desaturase (FAD7) in vivo. In order to lower the ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content of the seed oil without disturbing plant growth, we tried to suppress the expression of only the FAD3 gene using RNA interference, whilst maintaining the expression of the FAD7 gene. Seventeen transgenic plants with herbicide ($Basta^{TM}$) resistance were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using hypocotyls of perilla plants. The transgenic plants were firstly confirmed by treatment with 0.3% (v/v) $Basta^{TM}$ herbicide, and the expression of FAD3 was measured by Northern blot analysis. The ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content was 10-20%, 30-40%, and 60% in two, seven, and three of the twelve $T_1$ transgenic perilla plants which had enough seeds to be analyzed for fatty acid composition, respectively. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of $T_2$ progeny seeds from $T_1$ plants with the lowest ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content showed that the homozygous lines had 6-10% ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content and the heterozygous lines had 20-26% ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content. It is expected that the reduction in ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content in perilla seed oil will prevent rancidity and can be utilized for the production of high-value functional ingredients such as high ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 1996

Levels of total, neutral and polar lipids from the seeds of eight species of the Cucurbitaceae f Cucurbita moschata, Lufa cylindrica, Citrullus vulgari, Cucumis melo var. makuwa, Cucumis satvus, Lag leucantha. Trichosanthes kirilowii and Momordica charantia, were determinded, and their fatty compositions were also analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The results were summarized as foll. Lipid contents of the seeds range from 21.9 to 50.7%, which contained 98% up of neutral lipi the fatty acid compositon of ottal lipids from the seeds of Cucurbita moschata, Lufa cylindrica, Ci vulgari, Cucumis melo var. makuwa, Cucumis sativus and Lagenaria leucantha, linoleic acid is the mos dominant component(56.8${\sim}$84.0%) followed by oleic acid(5.7${\sim}$22.2%) and palmitic acid(6.1${\sim}$1) with a trace amount of ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid(below 0.6%). On the contrary, the seed oils of Tricho kirilowii and Momordica charantia are characterized by presence of considerable amounts of con trienoic acid such as punicic acid($_{9c.11t.13c-}C_{18:3}$) and ${\alpha}-eleostearic$ acid($_{9c.11t.13c-}C_{18:3}$). For example total lipids of T. kirilowii seeds were mainly composed of linoleic acid(40.5%) and punicic acid(3) in the fatty acid composition, while those of M. charantia seeds predominantly comprised ${\alpha}-eleos$ acid as a main component(66.9%), accompanied by oleic acid(11.7%) and linoleic acid(10.4%). oil ${\beta}-eleostearic$ acid($_{9t.11t.13c-}C_{18:3}$) was checked as a trace. Fatty acid profiles of neutral lipids close resemblance to those of total lipids in all the seed oils, but are different from those of polar In particular, conjugate trienoic acids including punicic acid and ${\alpha}-eleostearic$ acid which are oc as the most abundant component in both neutral lipids of T. kirilowii and M. charantia seed oils, ar ent in a extremely small amount in both polar lipids. The fatty acid distribution in the polar lipid the samples except for T. kirilowii and M. charantia seed oils, showed a tendency of consid increased level of saturated fatty acids(25.0${\sim}$29.4%) compared with that in the neutral lipids(9.9%). The results obtained in this experiment suggest us that the seed oils of the Cucurbitaceae

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.543-548
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• 2012

Morphological characters of Baemoochae, xBrassicoraphanus are mostly intermedium of the both parents, Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis and radish, Raphanus sativus. The upper and lower parts of the leaf resemble the shape of Chinese cabbage and radish, respectively. The midrib of the leaf is round like to that of radish, but very big more than 3 cm in diameter and white in color like that of Chinese cabbage. The root was changed from the swollen type like that of radish to the enlarged taproot like that of the land race of Chinese cabbage after attaining genetical stability. The flower is white. The seed pod is divided into 2 different parts; the upper part is radish and about 4 cm in length and holds 3-4 seeds and the lower part is Chinese cabbage and about 3 cm in length and holds 7-8 seeds. The color of seed is brown, weight per 1.000 seeds is 5.5 g and the number of seeds per mL is 120. The matured plant in the fall season is around 5 kg in weight and outer leaves are very vigorous and stiffly and inner leaves are erect and form a loose head. The leaf and the root contain a high level of sulforaphene which is well known as a functional substance for anti-cancer and anti-super-bacteria. Baemoochae is an amphidiploid and does not have the self incompatibility function. It has a high level of cross compatibility with Chinese cabbage as the female parent, but not the male parent. It is cross incompatible to cabbage, B. oleracea, black mustard, B. nigra and radish. However it is highly compatible to oil seed rape, B. napus, yellow mustard, B. carinata and partial compatible to muatard, B. juncea in the reciprocal cross.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.226-231
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• 2010

The objective of this experiment was determined to investigate the effect of the planting ratio of Male Sterility (MS) to Restorer Line (RL) and harvesting time on fatty acid compositions under $F_1$ seed production of Brassica napus L. For rapeseed seed production, two experiments were conducted in the open fields. One experiment studied planting ratios of MS to RL (4:2, 10:2, or 10:1) were planted and investigated fatty acid composition at 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 days after flowering, the other $F_2$ seeds were analyzed on fatty acid compositions of harvested seeds at five sequential stages. The results showed that fatty acid compositions of developing seeds were influenced by MS:RL planting ratios and $F_2$ hybrid treatments and contaminated level of fatty acid compositions, erucic acid, were unaffected by planting ratio of MS to RL. Fatty acid compositions such as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) contents decreased during seed maturation period in $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ experiments. In contrast, oleic acid (C18:1) content relatively increased up to 55days after flowering. At day 60 after flowering, oleic acid content was unaffected by MS:RL planting ratios and $F_2$ seeds treatments. Aspects of related gene expression of fatty acid synthesis such as SAD, FAD1 and FAD2 were followed exactly to changes of fatty acid composition during seed maturation. These results suggest that MS ratio may be enlarged and RL may be reduced, indicating this ratio will be useful for rape seed production.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.520-531
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• 2007

In this study, we found that the moisture content of black sesame seeds increased in proportion to steaming time, and it decreased in reverse proportion to the roasting temperature and time. The crude fat and crude ash contents were shown to be in the order of steamed black sesame>raw black sesame and roasted black sesame>raw black sesame, Crude protein decreased in reverse proportion to the steaming time, and more crude protein was found in the raw black sesame samples than in the roasted black sesame samples. The contents of sesamin, sesamolin, and total lignans were shown to be in the order of roasted black sesame>raw black sesame>steamed black sesame. In the steamed black sesame samples, sesamin showed its highest level with 20 minutes of treatment, and sesamolin showed its highest level with 15 minutes of treatment. In the roasted black sesame samples, sesamin, sesamolin, and total lignans showed their highest levels with 15 minutes of treatment at $100^{\circ}C$. The phenolic compound content increased in proportion to steaming time in the steamed samples, and reached a peak after 15 minutes of treatment at $100^{\circ}C$, and then decreased after 20 minutes. SOD-like activity reached a peak after 15 minutes of treatment, and in the roasted sample it reached a peak after 15 minutes of treatment, and then decreased after 20 minutes. SOD-like activity was comparatively lower than tocopherol and higher than sesamol. The intensity of electron donating ability, following 30 minute treatments, was shown to be highest in the steamed black sesame samples after 25 minutes of treatment, and next highest in the roasted black sesame samples after 15 minutes at $100^{\circ}C$. The electron donating ability was comparatively lower than tocopherol and sesamol. With regard to lecithin's antioxidant effects, the steamed samples showed a higher oxidation restriction rate in proportion to time, and the roasted samples showed the highest rate after 15 minutes of treatment, and then decreased after 20 minutes of treatment. for hydroxyl radical scavenging, similar scavenging activity to tocopherol, and comparatively higher scavenging activity than sesamol, was shown in all samples: all samples showed scavenging abilities of 90% or higher. In summary, this study applied three different treatment methods to black sesame to determine the optimum treatment conditions, and also examined the antioxidant effects and functional characteristics. The results showed that roasting can be used for other purposes than producing oil, and also suggested that methods other than roasting can be used in a variety of ways in cooking. Also, the different treatment methods can be applied in cooking in a variety of ways, to enhance functionality and preference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.1342-1348
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• 2014

Seeds of Korean pine cone (Pinus koraiensis) have long been consumed as an edible food in countries located in North-East Asia, On the other hand, Korean pine cone, containing various polyphenols, is discarded as a useless garbage after removing seeds. This study investigated the lipolytic effects of pine cone extract in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Intracellular lipid accumulation was measured by Oil red O staining, free glycerol release by colorimetric reaction, and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism by real-time PCR. Compared to control, pine cone extract reduced intracellular lipid accumulation by 8.8% and increased free glycerol release by 8.2% a concentration of $5{\mu}g/mL$ in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. mRNA levels of fatty acid synthesis were not significantly different between control and pine cone extract, but mRNA levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) significantly increased by 38.7% and 94.1% at a concentration of $5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Thus, pine cone extract is suggested to have lipolytic effects through induction of LPL and HSL gene expression.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2014

Seed oils (triacylglycerols) of plants are used as a source of essential fatty acids and nutrition for human. In addition, triacylglycerols have been used as industrial raw materials and biofuels. Triacylglycerols are mainly accumulated in seeds by complicated biochemical pathways. Fatty acids are synthesized in the plastids and transported into the endoplasmic reticulum for synthesizing triacylglycerols. It is known for a long time that biosynthesis of triacylglycerols is performed by a de novo synthesis, the Kennedy pathway. However recent studies have revealed that phosphatidylcholine, a major component of cell membrane, plays a central role for triacylglycerols biosynthesis. Phosphatidylcholine is a key regulator determining the relative proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds. It may be a major carrier for the fluxes of fatty acids from the plastid to the endoplasmic reticulum. This finding further suggests that studies of the functions of enzymes involved in the fluxes of fatty acids from phosphatidylcholine to triacylglycerols elucidate the specialized subdomains in the endoplasmic reticulum for triacylglycerols biosynthesis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to look at how pepper was used in traditional medicine. In other words, this study aims to take a look at the process by which the medicinal nature & efficacy of pepper in traditional society was perceived and arranged through the aspects of the use of pepper as an exotic crop for treating diseases. This study investigated cases of using pepper for medical treatments by referring to books on traditional medicine in Korea. The old records about pepper are mainly in empirical medical books from the late Chosun dynasty. Nevertheless, the records about pepper tend to decrease in medical text as time goes by. Such a phenomenon can be attributable to the fact that people began to use pepper for daily food life rather than for medicinal purposes. Pepper was used mostly for digestive trouble such as vomiting, diarrhea, and stomachaches, and it was also applied to mental and aching diseases caused by the sound of body fluids remaining in the stomach. In addition, there were many cases where pepper was used externally for surgical disorders. Such symptoms for treatment are linked to, or in a complementary relationship with, research results in modern times. Boiled pepper was generally taken in the traditional herbal decoction method, and in the case of surgical diseases, it was applied externally. The cases of using old pepper, using pepper with seeds or without seeds, and using pepper mixed with sesame oil belong to a sort of herbal medicine processing, which usually aimed at changing the medicinal nature of pepper. In addition, in relation to the eating habits at that time, pepper was used as seasoning and to make red pepper paste with or without vinegar. There are two words used for pepper in the medical textbooks, 苦椒 (gocho) and 烈棗 (yeoljo). These words are translated into Korean as gochu, so we can identify this word as a nickname for pepper.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.29-33
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• 2010

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed is the main source of protein and oil for human and animal. The use of soybean protein has been expanded in the food industry due to their excellent nutritional benefits. But, antinutritional and allergenic factors are exist in the raw mature soybean. Lipoxygenase, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) protein, and ${\alpha}^{\prime}-subunit$ of 7S globulin are main antinutritional factors in soybean seed. Breeding of a new soybean strain with lacking these components is needed. The objective of this research was to select new soybean line with lipoxygenase-free, KTI-free, and ${\alpha}^{\prime}-subunit$ free (lx1lx1lx2lx2lx3lx3titicgy1cgy1 genotype). Total 434 $F_2$seeds were obtained from the cross of cultivar, "Gaechuck#2" and PI506876. Presence and absence of lipoxygenase, KTI protein, and ${\alpha}^{\prime}-subunit$ of 7S globulin was tested by SDS electrophoresis using a partial seed of each $F_2$seed. Only one $F_2$seed with lacking these three components was selected and was planted to $F_2$plant. Absence of lipoxygenase, KTI, and ${\alpha}^{\prime}-subunit$ protein was confirmed on the $F_3$seeds harvested. Selected line with lx1lx1lx2lx2lx3lx3titicgy1cgy1 genotype might be useful for soybean breeding.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.774-778
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• 2019

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the major food sources of protein, oil, carbohydrates, isoflavones, and other nutrients for both humans and animals. However, soybean seeds contain antinutritional factors, such as lectin protein, Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor (KTI) protein, and stachyose. The objective of this research was to stack recessive alleles for development a triple recessive genotype, titilelers2rs2, with low KTI protein, lectin protein, and stachyose contents. Three parents (Gaechuck#2, PI200508, and 14G20) were used to develop the breeding population. The presence or absence of the lectin and KTI proteins was detected by western blotting. The stachyose content in mature seeds was determined by HPLC. Agronomic traits, such as plant type, plant height, maturity date, lodging, seed quality, and 100-seed weight, were evaluated for the four $F_3$ plant strains. One $F_4$ plant strain with the desired agronomical traits was selected. One new strain with the triple recessive titilelers2rs2 genotype was developed. The plant height of the new strain was 51 cm and the 100-seed weight was 31.0 g. The new strain had a yellow seed coat and yellow hilum. The stachyose content of the new strain was 3.8 g/kg. One strain developed in this research will be used to produce improved yellow soybean cultivars that are free of lectin and KTI proteins and low in stachyose content.