• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권12호
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• pp.2928-2938
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• 2020

A light water nuclear Reactor has been exergy analyzed, and the rate of irreversible exergy loss and exergy destruction is calculated for each of its components. The ratio of these losses compared to the total input exergy loss is calculated, which shows that most irreversible losses occur in the reactors, turbines, steam generators, respectively, as well as in the downstream operations. The main aim of this paper is to optimize the power plant using an innovative firefly algorithm and then to propose a novel strategy to improve the overall performance of the plant. As shown in the results, the exergy destruction rate of the plant decreased by 1.18% using the firefly method, and the exergy efficiency of the plant reached 29.3% comparing to the operational amount of 28.99%. Also, the results of the firefly optimization process compared to the Genetic algorithm and gravitational search algorithm to study the accuracy of the model for exergy analysis fitness problems in the power plants and the results of this comparison has shown that the results are nearly similar in the mentioned methods. However, the firefly is faster and more accurate in limited iterations.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제46권
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• pp.265-313
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• 2010

Kyoto Protocol is an international convention on concrete performance program for UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), which regulate and prevent to global warming and officially came into effect on February 16, 2005. Kyoto flexible mechanisms, the agreed environmental system in March 1997 in the Third Conference of Parties in UNFCCC General Assembly, Emission Trading System(ETS), Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) and Joint Implementation(JI), are key policies related to environment. In advanced countries, greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced average 5.2% level compared to 1990 in total emissions during 2008-2012. World leading carbon market finished the trial on the EU ETS I greenhouse gas emissions trading system, EU ETS II is operated regularly after 2008. World Bank leads to make 'Prototype Carbon Fund(PCF)' in April 2004, which is the world first carbon fund and a representative public carbon fund type, World Bank operate various funds including present PCF. Thus, I would like to propose as follows in relation to this study: First, in the validity analysis of carbon funds, it would be needed to analyze the Emission Reduction Cost Efficiency(ERCE) of carbon. The ERCE is a break-even value which brings the Net Present Value(NPV) to zero. NPV approach is used among projects and it enables potential projects to be compared and evaluated the ERCE on the basis of the net present value of net future cash flows. Therefore, according to results of analysis, carbon funds should be developed and invested. Second, it would be necessary to allow of issuing bonds together with carbon funds, carbon finance etc. Third, carbon funds, it would be reasonable to have a relatively enough maturity in project and as a financial derivatives in the international financial markets, it is needed various types of transactions. Fourth, it would be needed to standardize the carbon emissions trading for more efficiently. Fifth, it would be necessary to establish and invest in various kinds of domestic and overseas global carbon funds, including governments, privates, governments and privates sectors. And it is also needed to establish the medium and long term plans for carbon funds. Sixth, it would be needed to foster the advanced trade mechanisms for carbon funds in the most effective ways. Finally, carbon funds should be used in harmony with international societies to reduce global warming as the social responsible investing funds and it should be contribute to sustainable development. In addition, it would seem that carbon funds should be studied on establishing the contributable standard of sustainable development in the future assignment.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2014

Purpose - This study used empirical methods to investigate the consciousness structure of vendors in the S marketing area, which is a commercial revitalization district in the country, and examined its effect on their business activities. Based on the results derived through the performance of an actual proof analysis, this study aims to facilitate the promotion of changes in the consciousness structures of traditional market vendors, with a view to allowing them to adapt to the current economic realities in the country. Further, this study aims to provide suggestions that would improve the efficiency of the commercial revitalization program of the government. Research design, data, and methodology - This study examined all the stores in the S marketing area using a questionnaire survey conducted over three weeks beginning on July 4, 2012, and involved the performance of a data analysis on 1,859 samples. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part addressed the market revitalization and the second part addressed the store management strategies. Questionnaire responses were calibrated based on a Likert scale. Statistical analysis was conducted using PASW version 18.0. Results - The results of the analysis of the consciousness structure of merchants in the S marketing area have led to the discovery that they have a medium level of satisfaction with market revitalization. There was a difference in the perceptions of the concept of store management between merchants and customers. Merchants have poor strategies for store management, which do not go much beyond an imitation of the practices of large domestic discount stores. Conclusions - The appearance of big discount stores and the accompanying changes in people's consumption patterns have led to a decline in local market areas. The government has sought new ways to secure autogenic power for local markets. To create regional economies, the government enacted a revised "Law for creating traditional markets and shopping streets" in 2010 and introduced a commercial district revitalization program. This program, which originally supported only the S marketing area, has subsequently expanded into neighboring shopping districts so that the whole of the regional market can be revitalized. However, since the revitalization of the traditional market and the government support required for it were mostly limited to facilities, the result has not proved to be effective. Although there are several reasons why the government investment was characterized by poor efficiency, traditional market vendors' consciousness structure, which did not adapt well to the vagaries of time and its consequent changes, was a major cause. Only when vendors have a true merchant spirit can they have a real service focus that will enable them to clearly understand the distribution organization. This will have the effect of bring about complete customer satisfaction and will ensure the survival and development of traditional markets.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2014

이 연구는 대통령경호실이 출범한 1963년 제3공화국부터 박근혜 정부에 이르기까지 대통령경호실에 대한 신문 또는 인터넷 등의 언론매체의 내용을 중심으로 NVivo 10을 활용하여 질적 연구를 수행하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 내부적으로는 조직의 활동영역 확장으로 내실을 다지고 외부적으로는 그 동안 일부 특권층에게만 신변보호를 제공하여 이질감을 떨치고 대중으로 다가설 필요가 있다. 둘째, 업무특성과 지위 우월성을 악용한 범죄행위나 이권개입과 관련된 외압행위를 방지하기 위해 "대통령 등의 경호에 관한 법률"제 10조의 직권면직의 사유에 범죄와 관련된 사유 신설이 요구된다. 셋째, 임무수행과 관련하여 업무태만 및 허위사실 보고 등에 대해 "대통령 등의 경호에 관한 법률 시행령" 제31조의 "공무원 징계령" 적용과 더불어 대통령경호실이라는 특수성과 중요성에 입각하여 징계 수위를 "공무원 징계령" 보다 엄격히 규정함으로써 정부의 타 조직과의 차별성을 두어 매우 중요한 조직으로 인식시킬 필요가 있다.

• 의료법학
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.81-119
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• 2022

대상판결은 시장지배적 지위 남용에 관한 다양한 쟁점을 다루었을 뿐만 아니라, 경쟁제한효과가 문제된 시장이 의료기기 시장이라는 측면에서도 여러 시사점을 제시하고 있다. 첫째, 관련상품 시장의 측면에서 대상판결이 주상품(CT, MRI 등 의료기기) 시장과 부상품(유지보수서비스) 시장이 밀접하게 관련되어 있다고 하더라도 이를 하나의 시장으로 보기 어렵다고 판단한 것은 수긍할 수 있다. 둘째, 대상판결은 고착효과에 관하여 명시적인 판시를 하지 않았으나, 관련시장에 대한 판단에서 높은 주상품 가격, 주상품의 사용연한이 장기인 점 등을 고려하는 등 실질적으로 고착효과를 반영한 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 객관적 행위 요건으로 '정상적인 거래관행에 반하는 타당성 없는 조건'에 대하여 대상판결은 저작권자가 실시료를 받고 저작권을 실시하는 행위는 정당한 권리행사이며, 원고가 유상의 라이선스 정책을 가지고 이를 실행하며, 예외적인 경우에만 무상으로 실시를 하였으므로 공정위가 주장하는 무상실시 관행을 증거로 인정할 수 없음을 지적하였다. 넷째, 이 사건에서 경쟁자의 비용 상승은 원고가 서비스 소프트웨어 사용에 필요한 서비스키를 유상으로 제공한 행위를 통하여 이루어졌고, 원고의 행위가 지식재산권의 행사로 정당하다면 설령 그러한 행위로 경쟁이 제한된다고 하여 이를 남용행위로 보기는 어렵다고 판단하였다. 대상판결이 다룬 관련시장의 획정, 시장지배력의 존부, 객관적 행위 요건, 경쟁제한효과 등 주요 쟁점에 대하여 대법원이 시장지배적 지위 남용행위의 증명기준과 증명도의 방향을 제시할 기준을 판시할 것으로 기대한다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.413-421
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• 2014

제습 냉방시스템은 증발식 냉각기를 이용하여 공조 공기를 냉각하는 시스템으로 전기구동 냉각기 없이 열에너지만으로 냉방 공급을 수행할 수 있다. 따라서, CFC 계열의 냉매 사용에 의한 오존층 파괴 및 하절기 냉각기 가동에 의한 첨두 전력부하의 증가 등 기존의 냉방시스템이 야기하는 여러 가지 문제점들을 해결할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 제습 냉방시스템의 효율을 향상시키기 위해 냉방 성능과 엑서지 해석을 수행하였다. 특히 열역학 제2법칙에 근거한 엑서지 해석을 이용할 경우 전체시스템과 구성요소에서의 엑서지 파괴의 원인을 분석함으로써 시스템의 효율과 관련된 주제에 대하여 더욱 본질적인 측면에서 접근할 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 재생온도와 외기조건의 변화에 따른 재생 증발식 냉각기를 이용한 제습 냉방시스템의 성능계수, 냉방용량, 엑서지 성능을 평가하는 것이다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.80-105
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• 1995

Assuming that we introduced integration of medical insurance society for self-employed, this study was conducted to examine effects and results after the integration and to research more effective method for integration. To assess effects and results of the finacial status of 266 insurance societies after intergration, the data were obtained from "The Medical Insurance Program for Self-Employeds Statistical Yearbook in 1992". The major finding are as follows : 1. Three alternative integration proposals were made. First alternative proposal was consisted of 232 medical insurance societies, second was 187, and third was 115. 2. As the results of average number of the insured per insurance societies of medical insurance program for self-employed every alternative proposal, first was 88, 119 persons, second was 108, 576, and third was 178, 967 from 76, 576 persons of present socienties. 3. It was true that the more average size of societies increased, the more average administration expenditure per 1, 000 insured reduced. 4. The average size of societies grew bigger, the rate of general expenditure to general revenue more improved. Also, the rate of benefits to contributions was changed for better. But if not to have had correct analysis and precise preparation for integration, effects and results of integration were always not optiized. 5. According to results of simple regression formulas, it was proved that the more the average size of societies was increased, the more result was advantaged. 6. The law of majority and the economy of scale were applied in this study, and it was necessary to analyze and assess effectiveness and efficiency of integration. Therefore, when the integration of medical insurance societies for self-employeds will be performed, it must be taken into consideration. Among three alternative proposals, third was showed more effective alternative than anothe, second was presented more ineffective result than present system. To achieve more effective and efficient integration of regional medical insurance societies throughout the result of the regression formula on present cost curve, it is necessary to operate well-integrated societies and to know appropriative countermeasures of present situation of each societies. Also, for integrating regional medical insurance societies, it is necessary to continue more deep research through practical model activity and to investigate the effective size and managed method of the societies.societies.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.97-104
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• 1987

본 논문에서는 순수한 액체상태의 온수 단위 질량을 대상으로 동력발생에서부 터 열펌프 까지의 가능한 응용을 고려하여 온도에 따른 최적 사용방법과 최대성능 발 휘시의 용량산정을 통하여 온수의 최적능력을 확인하고자 한다. 단 본 연구의 결과 는 순수히 열역하적인 것으로 경제적 관점에서 본다면 다소 다른 견해가 있을 수 있겠 으나 열역학적 및 경제적 관점 사이의 관계 및 제2법칙의 역할의 중요성은 이미 여러 논문에서 충분히 거론된 것으로서 여기서 언급하지 않는다.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.183-208
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• 2005

In recent years, national R&D programs tend to become larger and more complicated, which necessitates strengthening the overall coordination of national R&D programs at the inter-ministerial level from the program planning stage. This paper looks into the status and problems of Korea's national R&D programs and proffers ways to improve the current system It highlights the problems shown in the process of the 2004 overall coordination and their rectification. First, various ad-hoc private-led committee brought about inefficiency in decision making process. Therefore, it is necessary to streamline such committees and strengthen the function of the Office of Science and Technology Innovation, Second, in view of the implementation of the overall coordination system, it is necessary to identify the problems in full detail that were raised in the course of the previous year's overall coordination so that new projects can be allotted minimal grades and follow-up activities can be efficiently put into execution. Third, it is necessary to establish standing committees for constant review and efficient utilization that will be devoted to reviewing programs overlapped and their linkage. Fourth, priority of investment regarding the nation's strategic policy direction should be reflected. Fifth, given the lack of performance-based evaluation system, it is necessary to develop macro and micro evaluation indices in conjunction with enacting the tentatively named "Performance-based Law." The overall coordination system of national R&D programs should be supplemented and further developed in relation to the aforementioned problems and their rectification in order to enhance the expertise, fairness, and efficiency of the nation's R&D coordination system.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.239-248
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• 1997

This survey is related to the status of education for environmental managers, who are taking charge of pollution control untilities, and its analyses. This survey is also discussing the improvements of educational course for the trainees, who have already been educated in environmental background as well as its problems. The 45% of in-service trainees were those who had graduated more than a junior college. But under the 50% of them were those who had school careers of less than a high a high school, which means that the trainees have trouble in acquiring the professional knowledges on environmental educations such as the lectures and the practice educations. All over the country, 46 junior colleges, and 65 universities which have a environmental education program, have produced the graduates who major in the environment. Therefore, it is demanded that they should be properly treated. In this research work, it is shown that the 76% of environmental managers have no certificate of environmental study. It is thought that this has resulted from the released environmental law; the untilities of the first and second grade need a manager with a certificate related with environment, the third grade utilities only need a manager with a non-specified certificate related with environment or a manager with more than 3 years environmental practice careers, the fourth and fifth grade utilities do not need the certificate related to environment. In view of relation between environment pollutions and the management of environmental utilities, it is thought that present environmental laws should be improved to be strict. The fact that the differences in regions or utilities are not considered in the contents of texts, has reduced the efficiency of education. Therefore, it is needed that the experts and the in-service managers should take part in the development of the text. In this survey, the more than 20% of trainees have negative opinions about the result of this education, which means that overall the environmental practice education should be reconsidered. In the educational methodology, more than 50% of trainees have the opinion that they want spot speciations, the audio-visual educations and the practice. Therefore, it is demaned that the subjects, syllabus, and the allotment of time ect, should be reorganized for the more practical education.