• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2020

Tetramine toxicity due to sea snail ingestion is generally mild and has a good prognosis. Tetramine toxicity acts on the acetylcholine receptor, affecting the neuromuscular junction and autonomic nervous system. A 78-year-old female patient visited the emergency room with vomiting and dyspnea after eating sea snails. At the time of admission, the vital signs recorded were 140/80 mmHg-105/min-24/min-36.5℃, and 90% oxygen saturation. Arterial blood test revealed hypercapnia (pCO₂ 58.2 mmHg) and respiratory acidosis (pH 7.213, HCO₃^- 22.5 mmol/L), whereas other blood tests showed no specific findings. Due to decreased consciousness and hypoxia, endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation were administered to the patient. Successful weaning was accomplished after 12 hrs, and the patient was discharged without any further complications. Although tetramine toxicity rarely results in acute respiratory failure due to paralysis of the respiratory muscle, caution is required whilst treating the patient.

• Journal of Ceramic Processing Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.492-498
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• 2018

In this study, a sea shell was converted into bioceramic phases at three different sintering temperatures ($450^{\circ}C$, $850^{\circ}C$, $1000^{\circ}C$). Among the obtained bioceramic phases, a valuable ${\beta}-TCP$ was produced via mechanochemical conversion method from sea snail Turritella terebra at $1000^{\circ}C$ sintering temperature. For this reason, only the bioceramic sintered at $1000^{\circ}C$ was concentrated on and FT-IR, SEM/EDX, BET, XRD, ICP-OES analyses were carried out for the complete characterization of ${\beta}-TCP$ phase. Biodegradation test in Tris-buffer solution, bioactivity tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) and cell studies were conducted. Bioactivity test results were promising and high rate of cell viability was observed in MTT assay after 24 hours and 7 days incubation. Results demonstrated that the produced ${\beta}-TCP$ bioceramic is qualified for further consideration and experimentation with its features of pore size and ability to support bone tissue growth and cell proliferation. This study suggests an easy, economic method of nanobioceramic production.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.637-643
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• 2019

Three separate feeding trials were performed to evaluate the dietary inclusion of pigments on growth and pigmentation of Semisulcospira coreana. In the first trial (Exp-1), snails (80 mg/snail) were fed diets containing green laver Enteromorpha intestinalis, seaweed fulvescens Capsosiphon fulvescens, chlorella Chlorella vulgaris, green tea, mugwort, kale, broccoli, sea tangle, dried laver Pyropia yezoensis, a synthetic edible dye, and a diet containing no pigment (control) for 12 weeks. Results showed that dietary treatments had no significant effects on growth performance. However, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a contents of the snail's edible portion were markedly affected and the highest values were found in snails fed green laver. In the second (Exp-2) and third (Exp-3) experiments, the effect of green laver and chlorella were examined in diets for relatively smaller (35 mg/snail) and bigger (139 mg/snail) snails than those examined in the Exp-1, respectively. Feeding the bigger snails with chlorella significantly enhanced their growth rates compared to control group. Total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a contents of the edible portions of snails were significantly increased by dietary chlorella supplementation. These findings suggest that dietary green laver or chlorella could improve the pigmentation of S. coreana without any adverse effects on growth.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.295-299
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• 2023

Two land snails, Aegista chejuensis (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) and Plectotropis quelpartensis (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908), are endemic to Korea and were collected from Hataedo and Jodo Islands in the Yellow Sea of South Korea, respectively. Many terrestrial snail habitats have been confirmed in Korea; however, their genetic sequences have rarely been reported. This study describes the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) sequences of two species, followed by an analysis of the genetic distance between these two species and their congeners. As a result, there was no intra-species variation in both species A. chejuensis or P. quelpartensis. However, the inter-species variation was clear (10.3-31.5%). We provide photographs and a brief diagnosis for morphological verification.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2011

As a first step toward identifying a new method for testing sea snail tissue for toxins, and thus prevent food poisoning due to the ingestion of contaminated snails, we measured the tetramine [$(CH_3)_4N^+$] contents of sea snails from the Korean coast using both liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and ion chromatography. For tetramine tested, good linearity ($r^2$ = 0.9996) was observed between the amounts in the injected samples and the peak areas of standard toxins, which ranged from 0.1 to 100 ng. The recovery (%) of tetramine from spiked tissue and mid-gut gland samples ranged from 84.0 to 95.3%. The quantitative results for tetramine using this method were in good agreement with the theoretical values. LC-MS/MS has both high sensitivity and selectivity, which makes it possible to measure trace quantities of tetramine in samples.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.47-64
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to search the calcium and iron rich foods in Korean people. The food sources presented in the current home economics textbooks of middle and high school were investigated. And 40 kinds of calcium and iron rich foods were selected by the quantity in 100g edible portion. one serving size and according to 1997 food supply data. Also 3 major food groups of calcium and iron supply in Korean were identified, and 10 rich foods for each food groups were selected. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The food sources of calcium 1) The food sources of calcium presented in the home economics textbooks of middle and high school are milk and dairy products. small fishes such as anchovy icefish and dried strip and green vegetables etc. 2) The calcium rich foods by 100g edible portion were in order of skim milk powder river snail sesame sea mustard. whole milk powder. snapping turtle loach sea tangle(dried) opossum shrimp and sea lettuce(dried). And the calcium rich foods by the calcium content in one serving were in order of river snail snapping turtle opossum shrimp loach spiny lobster skate skim milk powder small alaska pollack freshwater crab condensed milk whole milk powder skate ray and milk. 3) The 3 major calcium supply food groups in Korean were vegetables fish and shellfishes and milk and dairy products. 4) The calcium supply foods according to the quantity of food supply in 1997 was in order of sea mustard, milk anchovy chinese cabbage soybean skin milk powder laver shrimp welsh onion and maize. The vegetables were the important sources of calcium in Korean. 2. The food sources of iron 1) The food sources of iron which are commonly presented in the textbooks of middle and high school were meat liver egg(egg yolk) and green vegetables etc 2) The iron rich foods on the basis of the iron content in 100g edible portion were in order of surf clam marsh clam laver(dried)( sea lettuce(dried), crayfish pelilla seed little neck clam orient hard clam, venus clam, and freshwater carab. And the iron rich foods by the iron content in one serving were in order of surf clam marsh clam crayfish little neck clam orient hard clam freshwater crab venus clam hen cockle green confertii(fresh) pen shell and spiny lobster. 3) The 3 major iron supply food groups in Korean were cereals an cereal products fishes and shellfishes and vegetables. 4) The iron supply food according to the quantity of food supply in 1997 was in order of soybean sea mustard maize rice meat edible viscera laver wheat flour, pook, red pepper, egg and bovine meat.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 2007

To prevent food poisoning after ingesting sea snails containing tetramine we measured the tetramine $[(CH_3){_4}N^+]$ contents of sea snails from the Korean coast using both ion chromatography (IC) and spectrometry. In total, 177 sea snails were collected from the east (Pohang, 19 species, 95 individuals), the west (Gunsan, 4 species, 46 individuals), and the south (Tongyeong, 8 species, 36 individuals) coasts. The working solution of tetramine standard for IC and the tetramine extract from the salivary gland of Neptunea arthritica cumingii were very stable for one month at $18^{\circ}C,\;4^{\circ}C$, and room temperature. The tetramine content was high in the salivary gland of Heptunea species such as N. intersculpta $(9,813{\mu}g/g)$, N. arthritica $(8,240{\mu}g/g)$, N. arthritica cumingii $(6,967{\mu}g/g)$, N. eulimata $(6,946{\mu}g/g)$, N. constricta $(5,965{\mu}g/g)$, and N, amianta $(4,502{\mu}g/g)$. The mid-gut gland and muscle contained small amounts of tetramine. The tetramine content was highest in the autumn, but no clear regional variations were observed.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2013

Hatchery-reared seeds provides a key source of animal protein for human consumption and restocking for fishery management. For stock enhancement program, we have inspected the hatchery-reared seeds of 33 species in 2009, 44 species in 2010, 43 species in 2011 and 46 species in 2012 for legally designated diseases. Results showed that abalone was the most abundant in the marine species group and then sea cucumber, olive flounder, rockfish and swimming crab were followed. Crucian carp was the most abundant and then mandarin fish, Korean bullhead, melanian snail and Chinese mitten crab were followed in the freshwater species group. The number of inspection for black sea bream, rock bream, scorpionfish, black scraper, and eel has continuously decreased for four years. The inspection for flathead mullet has been carried out only in 2009. The total number of inspection cases for eight pathogens in this study were 8,476 and disqualification cases were 56 (0.67%) by detection of aquatic animals pathogens such as koi herpesvirus, white spot syndrome virus, red sea bream iridovirus or viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.85-98
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• 2010

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) and National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) have inspected the hatchery-reared seeds of 22 marine species and 11 freshwater species for aquatic animal diseases in stock enhancement program in 2009. Results showed that total 12 local selfgovernments have been restocking the sea with cultured juveniles. Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do, Jejudo and Chungcheongnam-do have a preference for marine species seeds to freshwater species. On the contrary, freshwater species were released mostly in Gyeonggi-do, Jeollabuk-do and Chungcheongbuk-do. In the marine species group, abalone was the most abundant as 24.5%, and then sea cucumber (15.2%), olive flounder (11.5%), swimming crab (5.6%), black sea bream and rockfish (6.8%), rock bream (5.1%), black rockfish (4.6%) and scorpionfish (4.5%) were followed. Crucian carp was the most abundant as 19.4%, and then eel (17.0%), Korean bullhead (12.3%), melanian snail (12.0%), catfish (8.4%) were followed in the freshwater species group. The total number of inspection cases in this study were 1,080 and disqualification cases were 19 by detection of aquatic animals pathogens such as red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), koi herpesvirus (KHV) or white spot syndrome virus (WSSV).

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.26.1-26.7
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• 2019

Background: The monitoring of pathogens of fishery auction markets is important to obtain safe fishery products regarding hygiene and sanitation. In this study, aerobic, coliform, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae were monitored in the fishery products and environmental samples obtained from fishery auction markets. Methods: The fishery products (flounder, octopus, skate, rock cod, sea bass, snail, monkfish, flatfish, comb pen shell, corb shell, conger eel, hairtail, croaker, and pilchard) were placed in filter bags, and the environmental samples (samples from the water tanks at the fishery auction markets, seawater from the fishery distribution vehicles, ice from wooden or plastic boxes, and surface samples from wooden and plastic boxes used for fish storage) were collected. Aerobic bacteria, E. coli, and coliform in the samples were enumerated on aerobic count plates and E. coli/coliform count plates, respectively. For V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae non-O1 quantification, most probable number (MPN)-PCR analysis was performed. Results: Aerobic and coliform bacteria were detected in most samples, but E. coli was not detected. Wooden boxes were contaminated with high levels of aerobic and coliform bacteria in all seasons (spring, summer, and fall). During fall, V. cholerae non-O1 were detected in snails, hairtails, croakers, flatfishes, pilchards, plastic boxes, and water samples. Conclusions: These results indicate an increased prevalence of V. cholerae contamination in fishery products in fall, including food contact samples, which can be vehicles for cross-contamination.