• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2015

In the present study, we investigated the protection conferred by a live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) strain against Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection in layer chickens. Birds were orally primed with the attenuated ST strain at 7 days of age and then boosted at 4 weeks post prime immunization (PPI). Sequential monitoring of plasma IgG and mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) levels revealed that inoculation with ST induced a significant antibody response to antigens against ST, SE, and SG. Moreover, significant lymphoproliferative responses to the 3 Salmonella serovars were observed in the immunized group. We also investigated protection against virulent ST, SE, and SG strain challenge. Upon virulent SG challenge, the immunized group showed significantly reduced mortality compared to the non-immunized group. The reduced persistence of the virulent ST and SE challenge strains in the liver, spleen, and cecal tissues of the immunized group suggests that immunization with the attenuated ST strain may not only protect against ST infection but can also confer cross protection against SE and SG infection.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.125-129
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• 2005

Two kinds of physical treatments were examined for the analysis both of intrinsic surface and interior nature of CuInS $e_2$[CIS] and CuGaS $e_2$[CGS] films grown in separated systems. For the first method, a selenium protection layer which was immediately deposited after the growth of the CIS was investigated. The Se cap layer protects CISe surface from oxidation and contamination during the transport under ambient atmosphere. The Se cap was removed by thermal annealing at temperature above 15$0^{\circ}C$. After the decapping treatment at 2$25^{\circ}C$ for 60 min, ultraviolet photoemission and inverse photoemission measurements of the CIS film showed that its valence band maximum(VBM) and conduction band minimum (CBM) are located at 0.58 eV below and 0.52 eV above the Fermi level $E_{F}$, respectively. For the second treatment, an Ar ion beam etching was exploited. The etching with ion kinetic energy $E_{k}$ above 500 eV resulted in broadening of photoemission spectra of core signals and occasional development of metallic feature around $E_{F}$. These degradations were successfully suppressed by decreasing $E_{k}$ below 400 eV. CGS films etched with the beam of $E_{k}$ = 400 eV showed a band gap of 1.7 eV where $E_{F}$ was almost centered.st centered.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.261-269
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• 2023

We propose to design a Holochain-based security and privacy protection system for resource-constrained IoT healthcare systems. Through analysis and performance evaluation, the proposed system confirmed that these characteristics operate effectively in the IoT healthcare environment. The system proposed in this paper consists of four main layers aimed at secure collection, transmission, storage, and processing of important medical data in IoT healthcare environments. The first PERCEPTION layer consists of various IoT devices, such as wearable devices, sensors, and other medical devices. These devices collect patient health data and pass it on to the network layer. The second network connectivity layer assigns an IP address to the collected data and ensures that the data is transmitted reliably over the network. Transmission takes place via standardized protocols, which ensures data reliability and availability. The third distributed cloud layer is a distributed data storage based on Holochain that stores important medical information collected from resource-limited IoT devices. This layer manages data integrity and access control, and allows users to share data securely. Finally, the fourth application layer provides useful information and services to end users, patients and healthcare professionals. The structuring and presentation of data and interaction between applications are managed at this layer. This structure aims to provide security, privacy, and resource efficiency suitable for IoT healthcare systems, in contrast to traditional centralized or blockchain-based systems. We design and propose a Holochain-based security and privacy protection system through a better IoT healthcare system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.630-639
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• 2010

Immune response and yolk cholesterol are crucial factors for commercial chicken producers. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of selenium-enriched Japanese radish sprouts (Se-enriched JRS) and R. capsulatus synergistically on immune response and cholesterol in laying hens. A total of 50 laying hens (20-wk old) were assigned to 5 dietary treatment groups, and fed diets supplemented with 2.5 ${\mu}g/kg$, 5 ${\mu}g/kg$, 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ Se-enriched JRS and 5 ${\mu}g/kg$ Se-enriched JRS+R. capsulatus (0.02%). Egg production and yolk color were significantly improved by the supplementation of Se-enriched JRS+R. capsulatus in the layer diet (p<0.05). Compared to the control, serum cholesterol concentration and triglyceride levels were decreased by all the treatments (p<0.05). After 8-wk of the experiment, supplementation of 5 ${\mu}g/kg$, 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ and Se-enriched JRS+R. capsulatus significantly reduced yolk cholesterol and triglycerides, while the greatest reduction was observed when R. capsulatus was incorporated with Se-enriched JRS. Spleen, bursa and thymus weight were significantly increased by both the 5 ${\mu}g/kg$ and 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ Se-enriched JRS. Compared to the control, supplementation of 5 ${\mu}g/kg$ and 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ Se-enriched JRS significantly increased serum IgG and yolk IgY concentration and foot web index activity by Newcastle Disease Virus (p<0.05). After 4-wk and 8-wk of supplementation, the highest number of leukocytes was observed with Se-enriched JRS+R. capsulatus (p<0.05). The highest concentration of serum and yolk Se was found in Se-enriched JRS plus R. capsulatus treatment. Combined dietary supplementation of Se-enriched JRS and R. capsulatus might be beneficial for better health, disease protection and overall production performance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2016.11a
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• pp.105-105
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• 2016

Recently, high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) has attracted considerable attentions due to its high potential for industrial applications. By pulsing the sputtering target with high power density and short duration pulses, a high plasma density and high ionization of the sputtered species can be obtained. HIPIMS has exhibited several merits such as increased coating density, good adhesion, microparticle-free and smooth surface, which make the HIPIMS technique desirable for synthesizing hard coatings. However, hard coatings present intrinsic defects (columnar structures, pinholes, pores, discontinuities) which can affect the corrosion behavior, especially when substrates are active alloys like steel or in a wear-corrosion process. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), a CVD derived method with a broad spectrum of applications, has shown great potential for corrosion protection of high-precision metallic parts or systems. In ALD deposition, the growth proceeds through cyclic repetition of self-limiting surface reactions, which leads to the thin films possess high quality, low defect density, uniformity, low-temperature processing and exquisite thickness control. These merits make ALD an ideal candidate for the fabrication of excellent oxide barrier layer which can block the pinhole and other defects left in the coating structure to improve the corrosion protection of hard coatings. In this work, CrN/Al2O3/CrN multilayered coatings were synthesized by a hybrid process of HIPIMS and ALD techniques, aiming to improve the CrN hard coating properties. The influence of the Al2O3 interlayer addition, the thickness and intercalation position of the Al2O3 layer in the coatings on the microstructure, surface roughness, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviors were investigated. The results indicated that the dense Al2O3 interlayer addition by ALD lead to a significant decrease of the average grain size and surface roughness and greatly improved the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the CrN coatings. The thickness increase of the Al2O3 layer and intercalation position change to near the coating surface resulted in improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The mechanism can be explained by that the dense Al2O3 interlayer acted as an excellent barrier for dislocation motion and diffusion of the corrosive substance.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.339-344
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• 2017

Highly corrosion resistance performance of CrAlSiN coatings were obtained by applying ultrathin $Al_2O_3$ thin films using atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. CrAlSiN coatings were prepared on Cr adhesion layer/SUS304 substrates by a hybrid coating system of arc ion plating and high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) method. And, ultrathin $Al_2O_3$ passivation layer was deposited on the CrAlSiN/Cr adhesion layer/SUS304 sample to protect CrAlSiN coatings by encapsulating the whole surface defects of coating using ALD. Here, the high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) analysis revealed that the ALD $Al_2O_3$ thin films uniformly covered the inner and outer surface of CrAlSiN coatings. Also, the potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarization test revealed that the corrosion protection properties of CrAlSiN coatings/Cr/SUS304 sample was greatly improved by ALD encapsulation with 50 nm-thick $Al_2O_3$ thin films, which implies that ALD-$Al_2O_3$ passivation layer can be used as an effect barrier layer of corrosion.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.07e
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• pp.89-90
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• 2006

Recent earth systems not only make earth resistance decreased by installing earth electrode but also are demanded by earth construction for the protection of human life and equipments through total investigation about circumstances. Layer constructions in Jeju island consist of multi-layer of scoria, rocks and shale except clay layers on the surface, which needs the construction of the coring earth electrode suitable in the condition of the area. For this reason, we've used the coring earth electrode. But the coring earth electrode is expected to slow down the performance of this equipment according to the progress of time changing the effects. It is also applied for the stability of earth system construction and management after the construction work analyzing the condition of the earth system. Therefore, this is actually focused on the analysis on measuring the earth resistance and the soil resistivity that cover the range where the remarkable contrast can be expected to be seen in the layer structures.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.36-42
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• 2009

In the present day, new performances are demanded for automobile body steel sheet for example, light weight, durability, resistance corrosion and environmental protection. For an improvement of resistance corrosion, European automobile companies developed pre-sealed steel in 1990's. Pre-sealed steel have organic coated layer upper zinc coated layer. Evaluating a resistance spot weldability of pre-sealed steel plate is important because resistance spot welding is used mainly in automobile body joining process. In this study, evaluating a weldability of pre-sealed steel plate was carried out using lobe diagram, dynamic resistance and high-speed image. Usually, Pre-sealed steel has poor weldability than GA steel's. To improve a weldability of pre-sealed steel sheet, pre-current was applied to welding process. Pre-current is applied prior to base-current. In conclusion, the weldability of pre-sealed steel has been improved than GA steel's by applying pre-current.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.08b
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• pp.1249-1252
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• 2007

We have fabricated 3.5” transparent AM-OLED panel driven by PEALD grown ZnO TFT. The performance of ZnO thin film transistor was improved by adapting top gate structure, protection layer for ZnO from photolithography process, optimizing temperature and plasma power of ZnO growth process. The ZnO-TFT has a mobility of $8.9cm^2/V.s$, a subthreshold swing of 0.95V, and an on/off ratio of $10^7$.

• Carbon letters
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• v.28
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• pp.66-71
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• 2018

To improve the flame retardant performance of cellulose fibers, fluorine functional groups were introduced under various controlled fluorination conditions. The properties of the fluorinated cellulose fibers were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and a thermogravimetric analysis. The fluorine functional group content in the fluorinated cellulose fibers increased with an increase in the fluorination temperature. However, the fluorination reaction increased the char yield and decreased the rate of degradation of the cellulose fibers by introducing donors, enabling the formation of a thick and compact char layer. Therefore, the flame retardant properties of cellulose fibers were improved following the fluorination treatment.