• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제60권3호
• /
• pp.186-192
• /
• 2023

According to the regulation on the pollution of the marine environment, SOx emission from ships has to be reduced. A SOx scrubbing system installed in a funnel of a ship is considered in order to reduce SOx emission. A scrubbing layer with a porous material is present in the funnel to increase the contact area between exhaust gas and water. In this study, experiments on the pressure drop characteristics in the scrubbing layer are conducted to investigate the effect of the scrubber on the engine load. The pressure drop according to flow rate of air instead of exhaust gas was measured for fillers such as sphere, pall ring and saddle in the scrubbing layer. First of all, porosity is experimentally measured for the three types of filler and it is confirmed that the porosity of the saddle-type filler was the largest. The pressure drop according to the change in air flow rate was measured for the three types of fillers in the scrubbing layer. As a result, the pressure drop was the smallest in the scrubbing layer with the saddle-type filler which has the largest porosity. In addition, the effect of spraying water flowing counter flow against air flow is experimentally examined. It is known that the pressure drop is increased because the air flow space is reduced when water is sprayed. In the case of the saddle, the pressure drop is about 1.5 to 2 times greater than that when only air flows at the optimum exhaust gas-water injection ratio.

• 자원리싸이클링
• /
• 제17권5호
• /
• pp.28-36
• /
• 2008

자동차 폐촉매로부터 백금족 금속(PGMs)의 회수를 위한 어트리션 스크러빙의 효과를 조사하였다. 자동차 폐촉매를 2mm이하로 분쇄한 후 60분 범위내에서 어트리션 스크러빙하였으며 이를 체가름하였다. 스크러빙을 통해 촉매층은 촉매 지지체 표면으로부터 탈리되어 $45{\mu}m$이하의 미립자로 분리되었다. $45{\mu}m$ 이하 미립자의 양은 스크러빙 시간이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, 스크러빙 시간 40분에서 미립자의 유가물 함량은 $CeO_2$ 19.3%, $ZrO_2$ 1.9%, PGMs 419ppm을 나타내었다. 미립자에서 감마 알루미나의 회수율은 스크러빙 시간이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, 동시에 $CeO_2$, $ZrO_2$ 및 PGMs의 회수율도 $CeO_2$ 82.9%, $ZrO_2$ 78.7%, PGMs 78.9%로 증가하였다. 시료의 고액비 및 초기 투입 입자 크기가 증가할 때 미립자의 양 및 감마알루미나의 회수율은 증가하였다. 어트리션 스크러빙은 분쇄 및 분리 기술로서 스크러빙 용기내에서 입자들 사이의 충격 및 전단 운동에 의해 코디어라이트 촉매 지지체로부터 감마알루미나의 분리에 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.817-827
• /
• 2016

The resistance in series model has been frequently used for determination of various filtration resistance to correctly understand the membrane fouling behaviour in MBR (membrane bio-reactor) for wastewater treatment. The cake layer resistance ($R_c$) which is commonly determined by calculation of flux dataset that are obtained empirically before and after removing the cake layer on membrane surface. However, the calculated Rc values are very dependent on the cleaning methods adapted for removal of cake layer. This study investigated how the various cleaning options affect $R_c$. Seven different cleaning methods were employed: i) ultrasonication (100 W, 10 min), ii) ultrasonication (200 W, 60 min), iii) ultrasonication (400 W, 120 min), iv) water rinsing in a shaker (100 rpm, 10 min), v) water rinsing in a shaker (300 rpm, 60 min), vi) water rinsing, vii) sponge scrubbing. For the hydrophilic PES membrane, the cake layer removal efficiencies ranged from 64% to 10%, indicating that the removal of cake layer was highly dependent on the cleaning options. For the hydrophobic PVDF membrane, the cake layer removal efficiencies ranged from 79% to 97%. Consequently, a standardized method for cake layer removal to determine cake resistance ($R_c$) is needed for correct interpretation of the fouling phenomena.

• 한국주조공학회지
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.144-149
• /
• 2012

A series of refractory mold coatings were applied to cast iron specimens, and their resistances to wear and spalling were investigated. Tests were carried out with own made measures, and also a calculation was tried for the comparison of a part of results like spalling. Worn width by scrubbing the indenter on the coating layer increased significantly at high temperature. Temperature increasing rate across the specimen when the coating side was exposed to $1000^{\circ}C$ was in the range of $14.5{\sim}75.8^{\circ}C$/sec mm, and specimens with thicker coating layer showed lower temperature increase. Severe spalling of coated layer was observed after heating the specimen, and it was able to confirm by calculation using a commercial code.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.97-110
• /
• 2020

이산화탄소 포집 및 저장기술(CCS)은 인류발생적 요인에 의한 이산화탄소 배출 증가와 그로 인한 기후변화를 완화시킬 수 있는 기술 중 하나이다. 그 중, 매체 순환식 연소(chemical looping combustion, CLC)와 칼슘루핑(calcium looping) 기술은 현재 아민 스크러빙(amine scrubbing)을 대체할 수 있는 유망한 기술로 주목받고 있다. 두 방법 모두 금속 산화물을 이용한 연속적인 순환 사이클 반응에 의한 것이다. 전체적인 이산화탄소 포집 및 저장 성능의 향상을 위해서는 사이클을 거듭하며 발생하는 소결(sintering)로 인한 안정성 저하 문제를 해결하고 금속 산화물의 구조 또한 최적화해야 한다. 금속 산화물 표면에 얇은 박막을 형성하는 것은 소결로 인한 손상을 막을 수 있는 방법이다. 이러한 박막 제조 기술로 잘 알려진 기술에는 화학기상증착법(chemical vapor deposition)과 원자층증착기술(atomic layer deposition)이 있다. 본 총설에서는 CVD, ALD 기술을 비롯하여 효과적인 반응 안정성 향상을 위한 안정제 첨가 방법, 금속 산화물 구조 개선에 대한 다양한 최근 기술들을 다루었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.65-76
• /
• 1989

The purpose of this study was to observe the effect on the removal of dentinal smear layer and morphological changes of reduced dentin surfaces by various dentin surface conditioners. Thirty-two healthy human premolars extracted due to periodontal or orthodontic reasons were used. The teeth were cross-sectioned to expose dentin at the middle portion of the crown with diamond rotary saw. The specimens were then divided into 8 groups. The sectioned dentin surfaces in group 1 to 4 were grinded with No. 400 grit silicone abrasive paper and those in group 5 to 8 were cut with #700 carbide bur under air-water spray. The grinded or cut dentin surfaces were conditioned with 3% $H_2O$, Dentin Conditioner(GC Inter. Corp., Japan), and Scotchprep(3M Dent Prod., U.S.A) according to manufacturer's directions. All the specimens were dried in room temperature for 48 hours, and gold-coated with Eiko ion coater(Eik-engineering Co.), and observed in Hitachi S-450 Scanning electron microscope at 15-25 KV. The following results were obtained; 1. The dentin surfaces grinded with the silicon abrasive paper were rougher in texture and heavier in amount of smear layer than those cut with the carbide bur. 2. Scrubbing of 3% $H_2O_2$ was not effective in removing dentinal smear layer. 3. 20-second conditioning of Dentin Conditioner (GC Inter. Corp) resulted in the removal of a significant amount of the smear layer without removing the tubular plugs and dissolving the peritubular dentin. 4. Scotchprep removed the smear layer very effectively. But at the same time it dissolved the peritubular dentin. 5. Irrespective of the uses of the silicon carbide abrasive paper or the carbide bur the morphological changes of dentin surfaces treated with the same conditioning agents were similar.