• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.9-19
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• 2007

Objective : The study was done to investigate Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel's effects in the genomic level, by measuring gene expression in hyperthyroid induced rats using cDNA micro array. Methods : Spargue-Dawley rats were separated into three groups(each with 10 rats). Except normal group, the other two groups were treated with Sodium levothyroxine $160{\mu}g$/kg/days for 5 days by oral administration. After 2 hours of the last intake of Sodium levothyroxine on two experimental group, one group was treated Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel extract 1.0g/kg/days for 3 days. The other groups(normal group, administration group) was treated normal saline 1.0g/kg/days for 3 days. Gene expression of hyperthyroid rats were measured after medication of solid extract of Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel with cDNA microarray. Results : In thyroid tissue, the numbers of the genes showed over twice increase and decrease in the control group compared to the normal group were 296, in the Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel administration group compared to the normal group were 859 and in the hypothalamus, the numbers of the genes showed over twice increase and decrease in the control group compared to the normal group were 416, in the Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel administration group compared to the normal group were 391. Conclusion : According to the above results, it is suggested that Scrophulari buergeriana Miquel suppress hyperthyroidism effectively and regulate the gene expression in the thyroid and brain.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.225-229
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• 2011

A new approach for similarity analysis of chemical profiles of Scrophularia buergeriana was developed. The roots of S. buergeriana collected in Andong, Korea were analyzed using HPLC-DAD and the peak areas of the chromatograms were used to construct the chemical profiles of S. buergeriana. The analytical conditions were validated for specificity, precision and repeatability. The standard chemical profiles were established from the chromatograms of nine standard analytical extracts from three batches. The correlation coefficients of peak areas of characteristic compounds between the chromatograms of the standard and test samples were calculated for quantitative expression of the chemical profiles. The results showed that the HPLC chemical profiles of the samples of same geographic origin were relatively consistent. This new approach could be applied to the quality assessment of herbal medicines with complex chemical compositions.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.213-223
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was performed to prove the hypotensive effect of 70% MeOH extracts from Scrophularia buergeriana (SB) on rat's femoral artery. Methods : We observed hypotensive effect of SB on rat's femoral artery. Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel, S. kakudensis, S. koraiensis and S. ningpoenesis Hemsl. were used by the RFLP method and sequence analysis of ITS regions, in order to compare and discriminate. Results : SB 70% MeOH Ex., Water fraction, 40% MeOH fraction, 100% MeOH fraction didn't show significantly hypotensive effect. 20% fraction of SB 70% MeOH Ex. showed significantly hypotensive effect. The size of ITS region on Scrophularia sp. is 589${\sim}$590bp and amount of G+C is 59.3% to 59.7%, and it showed the similar of ITS parts on Scrophularia sp. Conclusions : We concluded that SB Ex. have hypotensive activity, and it's more efficient when separated. And Scrophularia sp. showed the similar of DNA analysis.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.393-400
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• 2016

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of germination temperature, storage container and storage temperature on Scrophularia buergeriana and Scrophularia takesimensis seeds. Methods and Results: Seed lengths of both species were 0.8 mm, while seed width differed, with S. buergeriana measuring 0.5 mm and S. takesimensis measuring 0.4 mm. The seeds of S. buergeriana were packaged in paper containers under room temperature ($15^{\circ}C$), cold temperature ($4^{\circ}C$), and freeze temperature ($-20^{\circ}C$). These seeds exhibited around 80% germination rate at temperatures between $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. The germiantion rate of S. takesimensis, on the other hand, differed significantly at different germination temperatures. Seeds of S. takesimensis which were packaged in vinyl and paper containers and stored under room and cold temperatures, exhibited around 80% germination rate at $15^{\circ}C$. However, the germination rate of freeze-stored seeds were decreased to lower than 20% at germination temperatures of $15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ germiantion conditions. The rate of germination showed a low positive to a significantly negativie correlation with the other factor that were determined to evaluate the germination performance. Conclusions: This study elucidates the most suitable germination and storage conditions to increase the germination rate for the two species of Scrophularia buergeriana and Scrophularia takesimensis needs to be stored in paper containers under cold temperature and requires a temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ for germination. On the other hand, S. takesimensis in vinyl containers need to be stored at room temperature and those in paper containers at cold temperature, and a temperature of $15^{\circ}C$ is required for germination.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.297-304
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• 2001

Scrophularia buergeriana Misrule has been contaminated with various pathogens in condition of field and storage period. This study was carried out for production of multiple stress resistance plant containing disease resistance that CGST gene expressed in transgenic Scrophularia buergeriana Misrule genome. Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs) detoxify endobiotic and xenobiotic compounds by covalent linking of tripeptide glutathione to hydrophobic substrate. GST enzymes have been identified and characterized in insects, bacteria, and many plant species. A cDNA clone of GST was introduced into Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel by transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciences. In coporation of the CGST gene into S. buergeriana Misrule was confirmed by PCR analysis of genomic DNA. Influence of exposure to darkness on the regeneration potential and transformation frequence were assessed. The activity of GST in transgenic plants was two times higher than that of non-transgenic plants. As a result of anti-microbe assays, the crude extract protein of transgenic plants showed the antimicrobial effects higher than control plants.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.399-406
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• 2019

The roots of Scrophularia buergeriana were extracted with 80% aqueous Methanol and the concentrates were partitioned into EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H₂O fractions. The repeated silica gel or octadecyl SiO₂column, and medium pressure liquid chromatographies for the n-BuOH fraction led to isolation of phenylethanoid glycosides and iridoid glycosides. The chemical structures of these compounds were determined as harpagoside (1), angoroside C (2), aucubin (3) and acetoside (4) based on spectroscopic analyses including nuclear magnetic resonance and MS. A simple and efficient HPLC with UV detection method for the simultaneous determination of the four compounds (1-4) has been developed and applied to their content determination in the S. buergeriana. The roots were extracted by 80% methanol, and the contents of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were determined to 11.5, 7.6, 41.2, and 4.8 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, angoroside C (2) and acetoside (4) exhibited hepatoprotective effect against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cell line.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1284-1290
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• 2002

Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel (Scrophulariaceae) has been used as an anti-inflammatory drug in the folk medicine recipe and been proved its anti-inflammatory effect in the oriental medicine. Since nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O/sub 2//sup -/) are ones of the major inflammatory parameters, we studied the effect of aqueous extracts of Scrophularia buergeriana (SB) on NO and O/sub 2//sup -/ production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. NO, O/sub 2//sup -/production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) level were significantly reduced in LPS-activated macrophages by SB compared to those without. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that SB blocked the activation of NF-kB, which was considered to be a potential transcription factor for the iNOS expression. SB also blocked degradation of IkBα. Furthermore, IkB kinase alpha (IKKα), which phosphorylates serine residues of IkB directly, is inhibited by SB. These results suggest that SB could exert its anti-inflammatory actions by suppressing the activation of NF-kB through inhibition of IKK activity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.476-483
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• 2010

The present study was performed to investigate the putative anxiolytic-like effects of the aqueous extract of the roots of Scrophularia buergeriana (SB-W) using elevated plus-maze (EPM) and hole-board apparatus in mice. SB-W was orally administered at doses of 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg to ICR mice, 1 h before the behavioral evaluation. Control group were administered with an equal volume of saline, and positive control group with buspirone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). The administration of SB-W significantly increased the percentage of time spent in open arms and entries into the open arms of the EPM compared with saline-treated control group (P < 0.05). Futhermore, those anxiolytic-like activities of SB-W were antagonized by flumazenil (a $GABA_A$ antagonist, 10 mg/kg), but not by WAY-100635 (a 5-$HT_{1A}$ antagonist, 0.3 mg/kg). Moreover, there were no changes in the locomotor activity and myorelaxant effects in any group compared with saline-treated control group. In the hole-board test, the administration of SB-W (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of head-dipping compared with saline-treated control group (P < 0.05). Therefore, these findings suggest that Scrophularia buergeriana promotes the anxiolytic-like activity mediated by GABAergic nervous system in mice.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.367-370
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• 2006

The study was carried out to establish an improved protocol for shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf explant cultures of Scrophularia buergeriana M. with the treatment of ethylene inhibitors [silver nitrate (AgNO$_3$), aminoethox-yvinylglycine (AVG), Cobalt chloride (CoCl$_2$)]. The regenerated shoots obtained from leaf explant cultures on MS medium containing 2 mg/l BAP, The additions of AgNO$_3$. AVG and CoC1$_2$ substantially improved the shoot regeneration frequency, at the optimal concentration of 7 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 3 mg/L respectively, The regenerated shoots could be easily rooted with 0.1 mg/L IBA treatment. The noted plants were hardened and transferred to vermiculite with a 85% survival rate where they grew normally.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.54-57
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• 2010

Effects of the species Scrophularia takesimensis, S. kakudensis, S. boreali-koreana, and S. buergeriana on rat lens aldose reductase inhibition have been investigated. Among them, the extracts of S. kakudensis and S. boreali-koreana were exhibited good inhibitory potencies compared with those of S. takesimensis and S. buergeriana. The $IC_{50}$ values of the aerial part extracts from S. kakudensis and S. boreali-koreana were demonstrated 0.46 and 0.35 mg/ml, respectively.