• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.4105-4105
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• 2001

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was employed to qualify and quantify on survival, the injury rate and apoptosis of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cells. MCF-7 cells were cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FCS in a 95% air and 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37$^{\circ}C$. For the viable cells preparation, cells were de-touched by 0.1% of trypsin treatment and washed with RPMI supplemented with 10% FCS medium by centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 3min. For the dead cells preparation, cells were de-touched by a cell scraper. The cells were counted by a hemacytometer, and the viability was estimated by the exclusion method with frypan blue dye. Each viable and dead cells were suspended in PBS (phosphate bufferred saline) or milk at the cell density desired. For the quantitative determination of cell death by measuring the LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) activity liberated from cells with cell membrane injuries, LDH-Cytotoxic Test Wako (Wako, Pure Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Japan) was used. We found that NIRS measurement of MCF-7 cells at the density range could evaluate and monitor the different characteristics of living cells and dead cells. The spectral analysis was performed in two wavelength ranges and with 1,4, 10 mm pathlength. Different spectral data pretreatment and chemometrics methods were used. We applied SIMCA classificator on spectral data of living and dead cells and obtained good accuracy when identifying each class. Bigger variation in the spectra of living cells with different concentrations was observed when compared to the same concentrations of dead cells. PLS was used to measure the number of cells in PBS. The best model for measurement of dead cells, as well as living cells, was developed when raw spectra in the 600-1098 nm region and 4 mm pathlength were used. Smoothing and second derivative spectral data pretreatment gave worst results. The analysis of PLS loading explained this result with the scatter effect found in the raw spectra and increased with the number of cells. Calibration for cell count in the 1100-2500 nm region showed to be very inaccurate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.106-106
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• 2002

미토콘드리아는 세포내의 에너지대사에서 중요한 역할을 수행하는 세포내 소기관이며, 자체의 유전물질이 모계를 통해 유전되는 특징을 가지고 있다. 포유류 초기 배아의 발생과정에서 미토콘드리아의 역할과 기능에 대한 연구는 미진한 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 생쥐 초기 배아의 발생과정에서 관찰할 수 있는 미토콘드리아 미세구조의 변화 양상을 살펴보고, 이와 초기 배아의 발생 능력과의 관련성을 밝혀보고자 하였다. 과배란 유도된 ICR 생쥐로부터 배란된 난자와 2-세포기 배아를 수획하여 76 배양액으로 포배기까지 체외배양하면서, 각각의 발생단계에 따라 시료를 수획하였다. 미토콘드리아 미세구조의 변화는 일반적인 투과전자현미경방법(TEM)을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 미토콘드리아의 미세구조는 배란 난자에서 4-세포기 배아까지는 구형이고 크리스타가 발달하지 않은 원시형태였지만, 포배기로 발달함에 따라 크리스타가 발달된 막대형의 전형적인 미토콘드리아로 분화됨이 관찰되었다. 체외배양 중에 발생이 지연되거나 정지된 배아에서 관찰한 미토콘드리아의 미세구조는 공포화 (vacuolization), 크리스타 발달 지연, 손상된 미토콘드리아의 세포막 등과 같은 비정상적인 변형을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한, 극체에 존재하는 미토콘드리아의 미세구조는 정상적인 핵내의 유전자와의 상호작용이 없어 미분화 상태로 포배기까지 유지되는 것을 관찰하였다. 이상의 결과를 통해 미토콘드리아의 정상적인 분화 과정이 초기 배아의 발생능력과 관련되어 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 포유류 초기 배아의 체외배양시스템을 개선하는데 미토콘드리아 미세구조의 관찰과 변화에 대한 고려가 있어야 될 것으로 생각된다. buffer A 용액으로 세척하여 유리 petri dish의 바닥에 부착된 macrophage만을 cell scraper로 분리하였다. 분리한 macrophage는 0.5-1 $\times$ $10^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$가 되게 조정하여, IL-I 을 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 또한 1 ng/$m\ell$를 첨가하여 농도에 따른 효과를 조사하였고, 각각 24, 48, 72, 96 또한 120시간을 배양하여 시간에 의한 효과도 실시하였다. 각 배치구에서 얻어진 배양액은 TGF-$\beta$를 조사하기 전까지 -2$0^{\circ}C$에 동결 보존하였다. TGF-$\beta$의 측정은 TGF-$\beta$ kit(promega, USA)를 이용하여 실시하였으며, 통계학적 분석은 Anova test를 Statview program을 이용하여 분석하였다. 시험의 결과 대조구에 비해 IL-I 첨가구는 2-3배의 TGF-$\beta$생산을 보였으며, 배양시간에 따른 생산은 시간이 지남에 따라 약간 상승하는 경향을 보였으나, 유의적인 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 또한 IL-I의 농도에 따른 생산의 변화는 IL-I의 농도에 따라 약간의 차이를 보였고 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 임신 및 비임신의 경우 임신우의 비장 macrophage가 비임신보다는 약간 상승하는 거스로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 IL-I $\alpha$ 는$\bet

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.88-88
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• 2002

인공수정 및 수정란기술의 활성화에 따라 소에 있어서 인공수정은 90%이상이 실시되고 있으나, 수정란이식은 수정란의 생산이 안정적이지 않아 활성화에 많은 지장을 초래하고 있다. 이의 원인은 수정란이식에 의한 수태율의 저하가 가장 크며, 수태율 향상을 위하여 수란우에 progesterone, hCG 등의 주사가 실시되고 있다. 그러나 이는 수정란의 착상에 있어서 자궁의 환경을 개선한다고 하나, 착상의 정확한 기전의 구명은 미미한 상태이다. 한편 비장유래 macrophage가 황체를 자극하고 TGF-$\beta$의 생산을 유도하는 것으로 보고되고 있으며, IL-I $\alpha$와 $\beta$에 따라 TGF-$\beta$ 생산에 있어서 약간의 차이를 보이는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 비장유래 macrophage가 TGF-$\beta$의 생산시 임신관련 Cytokine인 IL-I$\alpha$와의 관계를 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 임신 및 비임신 도축 암소의 비장을 채취하여 얼음에 채워 실험실로 운반한 후 비장의 표면을 70%의 알콜로 세척하고, 표피를 벗겨 비장조직을 세절하여 10% FBS+DMEM에 넣어 조직을 눌러 짜면서 조직속의 세포를 분리하였다. 세척한 배양액은 4-5$m\ell$를 100mm 유리 petri dish에 넣고 39$^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$, 95% 공기인 배양기에서 2시간이상 배양하였으며, 배양 후 냉장된 buffer A 용액으로 세척하여 유리 petri dish의 바닥에 부착된 macrophage만을 cell scraper로 분리하였다. 분리한 macrophage는 0.5-1 $\times$ $10^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$가 되게 조정하여, IL-I 을 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 또한 1 ng/$m\ell$를 첨가하여 농도에 따른 효과를 조사하였고, 각각 24, 48, 72, 96 또한 120시간을 배양하여 시간에 의한 효과도 실시하였다. 각 배치구에서 얻어진 배양액은 TGF-$\beta$를 조사하기 전까지 -2$0^{\circ}C$에 동결 보존하였다. TGF-$\beta$의 측정은 TGF-$\beta$ kit(promega, USA)를 이용하여 실시하였으며, 통계학적 분석은 Anova test를 Statview program을 이용하여 분석하였다. 시험의 결과 대조구에 비해 IL-I 첨가구는 2-3배의 TGF-$\beta$생산을 보였으며, 배양시간에 따른 생산은 시간이 지남에 따라 약간 상승하는 경향을 보였으나, 유의적인 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 또한 IL-I의 농도에 따른 생산의 변화는 IL-I의 농도에 따라 약간의 차이를 보였고 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 임신 및 비임신의 경우 임신우의 비장 macrophage가 비임신보다는 약간 상승하는 거스로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 IL-I $\alpha$ 는$\beta$subunit 보다 TGF-$\beta$ 생산에 있어서 서로 다른 양상을 보일 것으로 추정되며, IL-I은 macrophage의 직접적인 영향을 주기보다는 황체세포를 매개로 한 자궁에 TGF-$\beta$의 생산을 유도하는 것으로 사료되며, 임신관련 cytokine에 대한 다양한 연구가 요구되고 있다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2006

The principal aim of this field study was to determine the concentrations and emissions of gaseous contaminants such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the different types of pig buildings in Korea and allow objective comparison between Korea and the other countries in terms of pig housing types. This field study was performed from May to June and from September to October in 2002. Pig buildings investigated in this research were selected in terms of three criteria; manure removal system, ventilation mode and growth stage of pig. Measurements of concentration and emission of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the pig buildings were done in 5 housing types and the visited farms were 15 sites per each housing type. Concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were measured at three locations of the central alley in the pig building and emission rates of them were estimated by multiplying the average concentration($mg/m^3$) measured near the air outlet by the mean ventilation rate($m^3/h$) and expressed either per pig of liveweight 75kg(mg/h/pig) or per area($mg/h/m^2$). Concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the pig buildings were averaged to 7.5 ppm and 286.5 ppb and ranged from 0.8 to 21.4 ppm and from 45.8 to 1,235 ppb, respectively. The highest concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were found in the mechanically ventilated buildings with slats; 12.1 ppm and 612.8 ppb, while the lowest concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were found in the pig buildings with deep-litter bed system(2.2 ppm) and the naturally ventilated pig buildings with manure removal system by scraper(115.2 ppb), respectively(p<0.05). All the pig buildings were investigated not to exceed the threshold limit values(TLVs) of ammonia(25 ppm) and hydrogen sulfide(10 ppm). The mean emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide per pig(75kg in terms of liveweight) and area($m^2$) from pig buildings were 250.2 mg/h/pig and 37.8 mg/h/pig and $336.3mg/h/m^2$ and $50.9mg/h/m^2$, respectively. The pig buildings with deep-litter bed system showed the lowest emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide(p<0.05). However, the emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from the other pig buildings were not significantly different(p>0.05). Concentrations and emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were relatively higher in the pig buildings managed with deep-pit manure system with slats and mechanical ventilation mode than the different pig housing types. In order to prevent pig farm workers from adverse health effect caused by exposure to ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in pig buildings, they should wear the respirators during shift and be educated sustainably for the guideline related to occupational safety.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the current status of management skill such as participation of consulting, vaccination program, financial projects, etc, and manures treatment system in pig farms. Data surveyed from a total of 100 farms including reproductive sow and fattening pig were collected and analyzed. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Farmers participated in consulting education of 4.56 times per a year. Evaluation of vaccination program was 3.86 of 5 points. The control of hygiene and disinfection was evaluated with the average of 3.27 points. Financial management showed the low level with 2.82 points. And then, the level of technical skill on raising was evaluated with average of 3.21 points. 2. The fields of competitive strength in farms, first of all, were the disease disinfection and therapy for pigs (43.4%). Secondly, farmers answered the productive skill for environmental-friendly animal products (37.4%). 3. Collection systems of manures were mainly used the slurry system (44.0%), and scraper method (43.0%) in pig farms, respectively. 4. Manures collected from farms have been treated and utilized with form of land-return after organic matters resolution (32.3%).

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.155-164
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• 2001

Environmental factors such as $NH_3,\;H_2S,\;CO_2$, dust, temperature, and humidity in the animal house are a potential health hazard to humans and animals. Until now, most of measurement methods can only provide periodic results with low accuracy. A data acquisition system which can measure continuously and simultaneously $NH_3,\;H_2S,\;CO_2$, temperature, and humidity was developed and installed in two pig houses. Daily changes of environment for the pig-houses were investigated by the data acquisition system. In order to evaluate NH$_3$sensor, gas samples were obtained and NH$_3$concentrations were measured at nine positions; combinations of three positions(inlet, middle, and outlet) and three heights(0 cm, 40 cm, 150 cm). Ammonia concentration of 14.0 ~37.1 ppm for slurry pig-house is higher than that of 8.4~29.7 ppm for scraper pig-house, and there were no statistical differences among the positions. However, the concentration of $NH_3$at 150 cm was higher than thats of 0 cm and 40 cm.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.403-409
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• 2014

Assessment of pollutant loads for livestock manure based on total organic carbon (TOC) is being required to apply TOC as an indicator in management of total maximum daily loads. In this study, TOC based unit loads of pig manure known as highly contributing to water pollution assessed. The concentration of pig manure, amount of manure production including cleaning water, and unit loads were investigated targeting 52 farms according to 4 major river basins, rearing form, farm scale, and piggery form. The manure production was highly generated in scraper type of piggery, in small scaled farm rearing sow, and in Han River basin and Nakdong River basin. The averaged manure production was 7.4 L/head/d in total river basins. Averaged concentrations were investigated as TOC 16,037 mg/L, BOD 10,559 mg/L, TN 4,145 mg/L, and TP 503 mg/L. Corresponding unit loads were assessed as TOC 117.1 g/head/d, BOD 77.1 g/head/d, TN 34.7 g/head/d, and TP 3.67 g/head/d.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.3-31
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• 2024

This study aimed to examine public concerns in South Korea considering the country's unique context, triggered by the advent of generative artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT. To achieve this, comments from 102 YouTube video news related to ethical issues were collected using a Python scraper, and morphological analysis and preprocessing were carried out using Textom on 15,735 comments. These comments were then analyzed using a Correlated Topic Model (CTM). The analysis identified six primary topics within the comments: "Legal and Ethical Considerations"; "Intellectual Property and Technology"; "Technological Advancement and the Future of Humanity"; "Potential of AI in Information Processing"; "Emotional Intelligence and Ethical Regulations in AI"; and "Human Imitation."Structuring these topics based on a correlation coefficient value of over 10% revealed 3 main categories: "Legal and Ethical Considerations"; "Issues Related to Data Generation by ChatGPT (Intellectual Property and Technology, Potential of AI in Information Processing, and Human Imitation)"; and "Fear for the Future of Humanity (Technological Advancement and the Future of Humanity, Emotional Intelligence, and Ethical Regulations in AI)."The study confirmed the coexistence of various concerns along with the growing interest in generative AI like ChatGPT, including worries specific to the historical and social context of South Korea. These findings suggest the need for national-level efforts to ensure data fairness.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.58-70
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• 2016

An investigation was carried out to study the diversity of aquatic insects, functional feeding groups (FFGs), habitat oriented groups (HOGs), and species-specific distribution in the Taean area in Korea from June to August, 2015. As a result, a total of 72 species belonging to 30 families and six orders were identified in all the investigated regions. Odonata (22 spp.: 30.56%) was the largest group in species richness followed by Coleoptera (21 spp.: 29.16%), Hemiptera (17 spp.: 23.61%) and Diptera (8 spp.: 11.11%) while for Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera, only two species (2.78%) were found. In addition, Plecoptera and Megaloptera inhabiting clean and flowing waters were not found. In the FFGs, predators (48 spp.: 66.67%) were relatively larger as represented by Odonata, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera, whereas shredders and scrapers were lower in proportion. The dominant groups of HOGs were swimmers (24 spp.: 33.33%), climbers (18 spp.: 25.0%), and sprawlers (12 spp.: 16.67%), which were characterized as aquatic insects community of island. Four species: Cybister lewisianus Sharp, Helophorus auriculatus Sharp, Agrypnia pagetana Curtis, Diplonychus esakii Miyamoto & Lee that are designated as Endangered, Near Threatened, and Vulnerable (Korean Red List) have been found to inhabitthe Taean area. Also, two species belonging to the exportable species group (Ceriagrion auranticum Fraser, Paracercion melanotum (Selys)) and one species belonging to the climate-sensitive biological indicator group (Ischnura elegans (Van der Linden)) were identified. In this study, four significant species including the Endangered are presented on the Korean distribution map based on the information in the national ecosystem survey accumulated for 7 years (2006-2012) by the Ministry of Environment.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2008

This survey was conducted to investigate housing types of Korean native cattle and beef cattle farms in Korea. The farm sized over 50 heads of cattle, 7,433 farms were surveyed. Regarding housing types for Korean native cattle and beef cattle, litter barn, freestall, mooring+litter ground and others accounted for 87.1, 9.8, 3.0, and 2.9 %, respectively. Most of Korean native cattle and beef cattle farms (94.7%) used litter floor rather than scraper. As for roof types, slate, panel, iron plate, galvanized plate, colored iron plate and sunlight represented 32.2, 13.7, 12.2, 10.2, 9.7, and 8.9 %, respectively. Open side wall type and winch curtain were 55.6, and 47.6 %, respectively. Bigger farms seemed to used more winch curtain than open style. Utilization period of automatic feeder, waterer, electric facility, and cooling facility was 6.7, 8.0, 8.5, and 6.0 years, respectively.