• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2008

In this study, Kimchi, soup and stew samples were collected from May to June, 2007, in the Jeonju area, and their salinity levels were analyzed. In addition, housewives were surveyed via questionnaire to assess food behaviors and consumption patterns. The average salinity of the Kimchi samples was $2.0{\pm}0.5%$. The average salinity of the soup/stew samples was $1.0{\pm}0.3%$ in the broth portion and $0.8{\pm}0.3%$ in the homogenized mixture of both broth and solids. The average salinity of all types of soup was $0.9{\pm}0.3%$, and that for stews was $1.1{\pm}0.3%;$ the average salinity of the stew was significantly higher than that of the soup (p<0.001). Beanpaste soup had a significantly higher average salinity $(1.0{\pm}0.3%)$ than clear soup $(0.8{\pm}0.3%)$ (p<0.05). The Food behavior scores of the respondents, with regard to sodium intake and salty taste preference, showed significant positive correlations to the salinity of the soup and stew samples (p<0.01). The consumption patterns of the Kimchi and soup/stews were also analyzed to determine whether there was a relationship to the saltiness of the food samples. The respondents were divided into two groups for each food category: Kimchi groups of below 2.0% salinity and above 2.1% salinity, soup/stew groups of below 0.8% salinity and above 0.9% salinity. The below 0.8% salinity soup/stew group used salt or soy sauce in meals significantly less frequently (p<0.01) than the above 0.9% salinity group. The lower salinity Kimchi and soup/stew groups gave significantly higher scores regarding answers that their Kimchi was 'bland' (p<0.05). The types of frequently consumed Kimchi were determined as Korean cabbage, Welsh, wild greens, radish, KKak Du Ki, and Yol Mu Kimchi. When compared to the above 2.1% salinity Kimchi group, the below 2.0% salinity Kimchi group gave higher scores regarding answers that they consumed 'more than half the broth in the bowel' and also gave significantly higher (p<0.01) scores in answering that they consumed only the solid ingredients, leaving the broth.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 2012

This study was carried out to examine foodborne pathogenic contamination from 1,080 samples of cooked hams and sausages at 10 Korean processing facilities in 2010. The samples were collected from the six primary and additional sterilization products in same lot. To detect Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium perfringens in those products (n=1,080), the domestic standard method for Processing and Ingredients Specification of Livestock Products was used. As a result, Salmonella spp. was not detected in all 636 ham and 444 sausage samples. However, L. monocytogenes was detected in four (0.6%) ham and eight (1.8%) sausage samples from five manufactures. S. aureus was also only detected in 4 (0.6%) ham samples from two manufacturers, and C. perfringens was detected in 3 (0.5%) ham samples from three manufacturers, the contamination levels of these pathogens were less than 100 CFU/g. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the additional sterilization step of processing manufacturers could not assist to control the foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.882-888
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• 2005

Procedure for analysis of methylmercury in fish was developed, involving addition of HCl, extraction with toluene, and clean-up using L-cystein solution. Obtained extract is analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector using Ulbon HR-Thermon-Hg column. Detection limit and recovery of the method were 0.005mg/kg (expressed as Hg), 98-107 (103%), respectively. Total mercury and methylmercury concentrations in 175 commercial fish samples ranged from [mean-max (mean), unit: mg/kg]: 0.014-1.200 (0.270) and 0.006-0.901 (0.168) in tuna-fish, 0.020-0.934 (0.323) and 0.012-0.553 (0.149) in martin-fish, 0.082-0.782 (0.391) and 0.040-0.436(0.201) in shark, 0,023-0.031 (0.026) and 0,013-0.018 (0.015) in salmon, 0.098-0.193 (0.133) and 0.031-0.015(0.090) in tilefish, and 0,031-0.214 (0.089) and 0.016-0.093 (0.042) in canned tuna respectively. No sample of analyzed fish exceeded 1.0mg/kg wet wt., limit for methylmercury established by Codex. In all species examined, estimated weekly intake was lower than Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake recommended by the JECFA (the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

A bridge is a structure constructed on water or in the air for convenient passage. Compared to other buildings, the building materials and structures of bridge required unique functions to cross the space. It depends on the productivity of the building, the level of science and technology, and the ecological environment of the building site. Also, it has important relationship with functions such as politics, military, economy, and life. Most of the academic research on bridges is focused on research in the field of bridge-building technology, so the study on the landscape aesthetics and history of bridges is lacking. Against this backdrop, the study will be valuable as a accumulation of both countries' understanding of bridge types, history and culture, as well as technical and aesthetic data, by analyzing the bridges located within the palaces of Korea and China. The research method is to analyze the bridge through field survey and literature analysis.. First, the bridges of royal palace of Korea and China are to be classified quantitatively as physical shapes, landscapes, and decorations by comparing the materials, forms, landscapes, and decorative culture of bridges. Second, characteristics, common points, and differences are extracted by classifying bridges of both countries. Also, the results are discussed based on the physical environment or cultural background. This would be worth cross-referencing in the building technology and aesthetics of the two countries. For the first important characteristics of result, main materials of Korean and Chinese palaces are stone. However, the bridge in China's royal palaces is also focused on wood. Second, in terms of form, the bridges in the royal gardens of Korea and China are all based on the beam bridge. However, the specific form, ratio, style of the beam bridge, and airspace of arched bridge are very different. Third, most of the connection methods are focused on the over bridge. It values the convergence with the surrounding landscape. Due to the difference in the area and location of water, the bridge in the Korean palace is more focused on the convergence of the surrounding buildings and plants, while the bridge in the Chinese palace is more concerned about the harmony of hydration. Fourth, the decoration places importance on the artistry and aesthetics of both the bridges in Korea and China. There is a difference in style in the same type of decoration due to culture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.644-651
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• 2005

Dietary supplement mainly made of herb and fiber was examined whether it could reduce body weight and fat, modify blood lipid concentrations and bowel habits in 30 collegians without intentional diet restriction or lifestyle change for 5 weeks. Free-living subjects were required to take diet pills 2 times daily 30 minutes before meals. Before the study began, 24 hr recall diet record and the questionnaires had been collected. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, triceps and abdomen skinfold thickness, and body fat) were performed and blood samples were withdrawn before and after the study. Blood lipid fractions analyzed were total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. After the trial, body weight, body mass index, and percent ideal body weight of the subjects were reduced to mean of 0.5 kg, 0.2 and $0.9\%$, respectively (p<0.05). Percent body fat, triceps and abdomen skinfold thickness, and waist and hip circumferences were all reduced significantly except for $\%$ abdominal fat, but $\%$ body muscle mass increased from $36.5\%$ to $37.4\%$ (p=0.000). TC and TG were remarkably diminished (p<0.01) and LDL-cholesterol tended to decrease, but no change was observed in HDL-cholesterol. Bowel movements were also increased (p<0.01). In conclusion, this specific herb and fiber-rich dietary supplement reduced body weight and body fat indices, improved anthropometric indices, modified blood lipid fractions and bowel movement desirably. The study suggest that herb and fiber-rich dietary supplement might help control body weight, body fat loss and adult diseases positively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.613-618
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• 2005

This study was carried out to examine the effects of gamma irradiation on the cytotoxicity and multidrug-resistance reversing activity of methanol extracts from Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. me-yuen Stapf seed. The seed was irradiated with doses of 1, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 Gy of the gamma radiation, and then extracted by methanol. The extracts were examined for cytotoxicity on the human cancer cell lines, MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma pleural effusion), Calu-6 (human pulmonary carcinoma) and SNU-601 (human gastric carcinoma) cells, and investigated for multidrug-resistance reversing activity using drug sensitive AML-2/WT and multidrug-resistant AML-2/D100 cells. The growth inhibitory activity of irradiated seed extracts on human cancer cell lines was higher than that of the control. In the case of Calu-6 cell line, the effect of cytotoxicity was observed in the extracts of 4, 8 and 16 Gy. $IC_{50}$ value in the MCF-7 cell line was measured in the only 8 Gy extract. And in the SNU-601 cell line as Calu-6, the effect of cytotoxicity was observed in the extracts of 4, 8 and 16 Gy. But the extracts of gamma-irradiated seed over 32 Gy showed little growth inhibitory effect against human cancer cell lines. In this result, 8 Gy extract had significant growth inhibitory in all human cancer cell lines $(Calu-6:\;633\;{\mu}g/mL,\;MCF-7:\;653\;{\mu}g/mL\;and\;SNU-601:\;683\;{\mu}g/mL)$. The extracts of 4, 8 and 16 Gy strongly potentiated vincristine cytotoxicity in AML-2/D100 cells. The reversal fold (RF) of 4, 8 and 16 Gy extracts was 1.7, 1.8 and 1.6, respectively. But their cytotoxicities to both sensitive AML-2/WT and resistant AML-2/D100 cells were in the same order of magnitude. These results indicate that the above samples would contain some principles which have cytotoxicity and multidrug-resistance reversing activity. Irradiation technology can be applied to promote physiological activities of medicinal plant seeds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.832-839
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the bioavailability of starfish calcium with substances enhancing calcium absorption. Three week-old young female rats (Sprague-Barley) were divided into 5 groups according to calcium sources and testing agents; calcium carbonate (C), starfish calcium (S), starfish calcium + casein phosphopeptide (S-CPP), starfish calcium+citrate-malate (S-CM), starfish calcium+isoflavone (S-ISO), and were fed experimental diets containing AIN-93G based Ca (0.35% w/w) diet with CPP, CM and ISO for 6 weeks. Blood, femur, urine and feces samples were collected. There was no significant difference among groups in terms of growth and food intake. Serum Ca concentrations were normal in all 5 groups. Serum P concentrations and ALP activities were not significantly different among groups. Ca absorption and retention were significantly increased both in S-CPP and S-CM groups compared to C group (p<0.05). p absorption was significantly higher in S-CPP group than in other groups. While the amount of soluble Ca of intestinal contents did not differ among groups, the amount of insoluble Ca was significantly lower in S-CPP, S-CM and S-ISO groups than in C and S groups. However, the weight, Ca and P concentrations of femur were not significantly different among groups. These results suggest that the addition of CPP and citrate-malate were more effective for enhancing the bioavailability, intestinal absorption and solubility of starfish calcium.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.292-298
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• 1999

Huber value and leaf specific conductivity were investigated for determining the hydraulic conductance of six deciduous hardwood species subjected to five levels of artificial shade treatments. Huber values measured in full sun were in the ranges of $1.5{\sim}9.1mm^2/dm^2$, $1.3{\sim}2.6mm^2/dm^2$, $1.5{\sim}5.3mm^2/dm^2$ in June, July, and September, respectively in the first year. The values generally decreased with increasing the shading in most of the species studied. Because of early defoliation in September, most of the values measured were also higher in September than in July. Huber values were quite different between those of the first year and those of the second year in most of the species studied, but the seasonal variation of Huber values and shading effects to the values seemed to be similar between the first and the second years. The values of leaf specific conductivity(LSC) measured in Betula platyphylla var. japonica. B. schmidtii, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono for 2 years were in the range of $4.0{\sim}80.0{\mu}{\ell}/dm^2$ by season and by shading treatment. But in Ligustrum obtusifolium and Prunus sargentii, the values were in the ranges of $4.0{\sim}280.0{\mu}{\ell}/dm^2$ and $8.0{\sim}120{\mu}{\ell}/dm^2$, respectively with having quite different values compared with those of the above species. Seasonal variation of LSC values was more or less irregular by species and by treatment year, but the LSC values of B. platyphylla vac. japonica, B. schmidtii, and P. sargentii in the first year and also those of Z. serrata and P. sargentii in the second year were mostly higher in September than in July. The LSC values seemed to be generally decreased with increasing the artificial shading in all of the species studied.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.4
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• pp.415-421
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• 1997

The objectives of this study were to obtain standardized basic data on cambial electrical resistance (CER) of ornamental trees to be used for estimation of tree vigor and to compare CER between shrubs, deciduous, and coniferous trees in relation to bud opening, flowering, and growth cessation. Eighty healthy trees with four trees each for twenty ornamental tree species growing at an university campus in Suwon were selected and their CER was measured using a Shigometer every week from March to May, once a month from June to October and every two weeks in November, 1996. The CER of all tree species was high in March, started to decrease in April, maintained minimum in May through August, began to increase in September, and returned in November to the similar high level to March. Among the 20 species, Metasequoia glyptostroboides showed the lowest($5.5k{\Omega}$) annual average CER, while Cercis chinensis and Ligustrum obtusifolium had the highest($22.7k{\Omega}$, $22.9k{\Omega}$) annual average CER. The lowest CER($2.4k{\Omega}$) in summer(June through August) was obtained from Wisteria floribunda, second lowest($2.5k{\Omega}$) from Metasequoia glyptostroboides, the highest CER($46.8k{\Omega}$) during dormant season from Euonymus japonica, and second highest($45.0k{\Omega}$) obtained from Ligustrum obtusifolium. The CER of most species, particularly shrub species, started to decrease with bud opening, and many species, particularly shrubs and deciduous trees with large amount of flowers, showed sharp decrease with flowering. When CER was compared between shrubs and trees, shrubs showed higher average CER than trees, and seasonal difference in CER of evergreen species was smaller than that of deciduous species. It is interesting to note that the deciduous Metasequoia glyptostroboides had the lowest annual average CER.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.267-273
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• 2009

Antioxidative, antimicrobial activities and Raw 264.7 cell viability as cytotoxicity of various solvent extracts from leaf of Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. dried by different methods were investigated for processing as functional ingredient. In DPPH radical scavenging activity, RLE (80% EtOH extract of raw leaf) and FLE (80% EtOH extract of freeze-dried leaf) exhibited strong scavenging effect on $300{\mu}M$ DPPH radical solution (1.71 mg/mL and 2.11 mg/mL for RLE $SC_{50}$ and FLE $SC_{50}$). Also in nitric oxide scavenging activity, RLE and FLE showed strong activities (83.9% and 82.2% in 5 mg/mL sample concentration). Total phenolic compound contents of each extracts were found to be $73.7{\sim}215.4$ mg/g and RLE was showed the highest phenolic compound content. Also, total flavonoid contents were found to be $24.85{\sim}110.3$ mg/g and RLE was showed the highest flavonoid content. In antimicrobial activity, RLE was showed higher growth inhibition effect against all microbial strains. RLE, RLW (hot water extract of raw leaf), and FLW (hot water extract of freeze-dried leaf) exhibited strong antimicrobial activities against MRSA and S. aureus. In measurement of cytotoxicity by MTT assay, Raw 264.7 cell viabilities of 80% EtOH extracts showed better effect than water extracts. Especially viability of RLE was found be over 100% in every tested sample concentration.