• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2018

Purpose: Quality of life is important to everyone including school-age children. Therefore this study was done to identify the effects perceived daily stress and sense of humor on quality of life for these children. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional, descriptive study design with 371 participants from 5th and 6th grade children in 5 elementary schools. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 24.0 program. Results: Factors influencing quality of life in school-age children were daily stress, sense of humor, satisfaction with daily life, academic performance and home atmosphere. These variables explained 63.0% of quality of life in school-age children. Conclusion: Results showed that lower daily stress and higher sense of humor are associated with higher quality of life. Therefore, to improve quality of life in school-age children, healthcare providers should develop intervention programs considering these factors.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.113-124
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• 2013

This study investigated the relationship between school-age children's overt/covert narcissism with self-control and mothers' parenting. The subjects were 517 children in the 5th and 6th grades attending elementary schools located in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Province. The collected data were analyzed by t-test, Pearson's correlation, multiple regressions and SPSS Win 19.0 was used. The results were as follows: (1) School-age children's overt narcissism differed in boys and girls. However, this was not the case for covert narcissism. (2) The overt narcissism of school-age boys and girls was positively correlated with self-control. However covert narcissism was negatively correlated with self-control. (3) The active-responsive and active-restrictive parenting of mothers influenced on the overt narcissism of school-age boys, while the active-responsive parenting of mothers influenced the overt narcissism of school-age girls. Also, the active-responsive and active-restrictive parenting of mothers influenced the covert narcissism of school-age boys, while the active-responsive and passive-permissive parenting of mothers influenced the overt narcissism of school-age girls. (4) The active-restrictive parenting of mothers was the most powerful factor in the overt/covert narcissism of school-age boys and the covert narcissism of school-age girls.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2020

Purpose: Obese children may often present with advanced bone age. We aimed to evaluate the correlation between factors associated with childhood obesity and advanced bone age. Methods: We enrolled 232 overweight or obese children. Anthropometric and laboratory data, and the degree of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were measured. We analyzed factors associated with advanced bone age by measuring the differences between bone and chronological ages. Results: The normal and advanced bone age groups were comprised of 183 (78.9%) and 49 (21.1%) children, respectively. The prevalence of advanced bone age significantly increased as the percentiles of height, weight, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) increased. BMI z-score was higher in the advanced bone age group than in the normal bone age group (2.43±0.52 vs. 2.10±0.46; p<0.001). The levels of insulin (27.80±26.13 μU/mL vs. 18.65±12.33 μU/mL; p=0.034) and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (6.56±6.18 vs. 4.43±2.93; p=0.037) were significantly higher, while high density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were lower (43.88±9.98 mg/dL vs. 48.95±10.50 mg/dL; p=0.005) in the advanced bone age group compared to those in the normal bone age group, respectively. The prevalence of advanced bone age was higher in obese children with metabolic syndrome than in those without (28.2% vs. 14.7%; p=0.016). The prevalence of advanced bone age was higher in obese children with a more severe degree of NAFLD. Conclusion: Advanced bone age is associated with a severe degree of obesity and its complications.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.111-124
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of children's elementary school entrance age and sex on cognitive and social abilities. The subjects were 80 the same number was slected by elementary school entrance age(5-year and 6-year) and sex. Their cognitive and social abilities were measured by Intelligence Maturity Test and Revised Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. The data were statistically analyzed including descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance. The results were as follows: 1) 6-year-old children had higher perceptive ability of sameness and calculation ability than 5-year-old children. Girls also had higher IQ and language concept than boys, 2) 6-year-old children's communication socialization and total social ability were higher than those of 5-year old children Girls' communication and total social ability were higher than those of boys. The implication was that it would be important to consider children's social ability if their entrance age were decided. In addition Early Entrance to Elementary School system should be reconsidered in the point of childer's developmental adaptation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.69-82
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• 1984

The general fearfulness of hospitalized school-age children and the emotional anxiety of their mothers were investigated and compared to those of normal children and their mothers, in order to provide theoretical basis for establishing comprehensive nursing care of hospitalized children including their mothers. The present study was carried out from Sept. 5th to Oct. 3rd, 1983. A total of 81 hospital I zed children and their mothers were investigated and 95 normal elementary school children and their mothers as control group were surveyed The general fearfulness of children and the emotional anniety of their mothers were measured through questionaire by using Geer's FSS-Ⅱscale and Spielberger's STAI scale, respectively. The results were analyzed by computer using S.P.S.S. program and summarized as follows: 1. The emotional anxiety of the mothers of hospitalized children was greater than that of normal children's mothers. (P=0.000). 2. The general fearfulness of hospitalized children was greater than that of normal children (p=0.000) 3. The general fearfulness of hospitalized children varied with children's age and sex, mother's age and mother's experience of hospitalization. a) The general fearfulness of the hospitalized children at the age of 7∼9 was greater than that of the age 10∼12. (P=0.020) b) Girl's scored greater fearfulness than boys. (p=0.037) c) The younger mother's age resulted in the higher children fearfulness. (P= 0.0059). d) When the mothers did not have experience of hospitalization, the children's fearfulness was high. (P=0.014) 4. The anxiety-state of hospitalized children's mother was proportionally reacted to their anxiety-trait. (r=0.694, p=0.000) 5. The relationship between mother's emotional anxiety and their hospitalized children's general fearfulness failed to show statistical significance. (r= 0.1184, P＞0.05). These results indicated that the general fearfulness of hospitalized children was affected by environmental factors beside mother's emotional anxiety. An extensive study on the factors influencing the general fearfulness of hospitalized children is needed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.888-895
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• 2005

Purpose: This cross-sectional study was designed to identify anger-expression types in late school-age children and investigate the relation between the identified anger-expression types and their health status. Method: One thousand twenty seven children in elementary school fifth and sixth grades were recruited from November to December, 2004. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, 2-test, ANOV A, Duncan's multiple comparison test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: Three anger-expression types in late school-age children were found; Anger-out/in, Anger-control, and Low anger-expression types. Children frequently using the anger-out/in type among the three types and with a higher state anger reported higher psychosomatic symptoms and depression. Children from a divorced or separated family reported higher state anger. Conclusion: This study suggests that a specific anger management program needs to be developed for late school-age children with high state anger and frequently using the anger out/in expression type. For understanding the anger level and the anger expression types of Korean school-age children, further research needs to be done with large samples using a randomized sampling method.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.135-157
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of household income, education needs, private education expenses and expenditures of preparation for old age for mothers of school-aged children and to discover the causal relationships among these variables. The subjects in this study were gathered from among 393 mothers living in Daegu with school-aged children from 8 to 19 years old and with wage-earner husbands. The research tool was a questionnaires which addressed the general characteristics of the subjects, household income, the scale of education needs, the scale of private education expenditures, the scale of perceived burden of private education, and the scale of expenditures of preparation for old age. In order to analyze the study data, factor analysis, and regression analysis using SPSS were used, and structural path analysis using AMOS was used. The main results of this study were as follow: First, the greater the household income, the greater the education needs. Second, household income and education needs had no significant influences on private education expenditures. Third, education needs and private education expenditures turned out to have significant effects on the perceived burden of private education expenditures. Fourth, expenditures of preparation for old age among mothers of school-aged children was influenced by the education needs, private education expenditures and perceived burden of private education expenditures. The household income of mothers of school-aged children had no significant influence on private education expenditures. Finally, education needs, private education expenditures and perceived burden of private education expenditures for mothers of school-aged children had a direct effect on the expenditures of preparations for old age. On the other hand, in mediating education needs, household income of these mothers had an indirect effect on expenditures of preparations for old age. The perceived burden of private education expenditures turned out to have the biggest total effect on the preparations for old age of mothers with school-aged children.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 2010

Purpose: This study compared stress, self-esteem and perception of parents' nurturing attitudes perceived by school-age children between Korea and China in order to supply information for health promotion of the children. Methods: The subjects of the study consisted of 287 elementary students in Korea, and 185 elementary students in China. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, $x^2$ test, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and correlation analysis. Results: The comparisons showed that Chinese children reported higher stress than that of Korean children. The Korean children perceived more receptive, more self regulative, and less accomplishment pressure about their parents' nurturing attitudes compared to the Chinese children. Correlation analysis showed significant relationships among total stress, self-esteem and the perception of parents' nurturing attitude in Korean and Chinese children. Conclusion: From the results of this study in order to promote the health of school-age children, it is necessary to develop a program which helps School-age Children reduce stress and increase self-esteem.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.135-153
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• 2009

This study examined trends in private after-school lessons for preschoolers and elementary school children as a function of demographic characteristics such as children's age, socioeconomic status, and mothers' employment status. One thousand and sixty-three mothers completed questionnaires on demographic characteristics and their children's participation in private after-school lessons. Data were analyzed by chi-square, one-way ANOVA, t-test, and multiple regression analyses. Results demonstrated that older children and children from higher income and full-time homemaker families attended more private lessons. Age of children was the most influential variable among the demographic characteristics; that is, older children had more after-school lessons. Recommendations for future research are to focus on possible negative effects of excessive private lessons on children's socio-emotional development.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.176-186
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• 2022

Purpose: This study investigated the nutritional status of ethnic (belonging to minority groups) preschool children in Northern Thailand. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the sample group included 147 parents and 147 preschool children (2-6 years old). Participants volunteered to complete a questionnaire on the personal information of children and parents, as well as family- and school-related factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a nutritional status calculator, and logistic regression analysis. Results: A birth weight of less than 2,500 g was related to weight-for-age and weight-for-height. Not having been breastfed and having been breastfed for less than 6 months were related to weight-for-height. An elementary school education level among parents was related to children's height-for-age. Familial unhealthy food consumption for 1-2 days per week was related to weight-for-age and height-for-age. Conclusion: This study reflects the importance of nutritional care for children at the beginning of pregnancy and continuing to the preschool age, as well as the importance of breastfeeding. Families were found to be a key factor in supporting good nutrition among children.