• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 1991

Ginseng components were examined for their ability to modify immunotoxicity of cyclophosphamide. Ginseng polysaccharide fraction (FO, 300 mg/kg) inhibited decreases in the ratio of spleen to body weight, white blood cells (WBC) count and the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) induced by cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg, i.p.), and increased these variables in normal mice. Ginseng saponin fraction (50 mg/kg) showed to increase hemoglobin content as well as the number of PFC/spleen in normal mice. on the other hand, Panaxytriol (20 mg/kg) Prevented decrease in mc count by cyclophos phamide. Neither saponin fraction nor panaxytriol had any significant effect on the number of PFC and antibody titers in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. These results suggest that ginseng polysaccharine fraction may reduce the immunotoxicity of cyclophosphamide and may be effective in stimulating immune function in normal mice.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1984

The effect of the saponin fraction extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on the absorption of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol in rat has been investigated and realized that the saponin fraction stimulated not only the absorption of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (1.5-2 times that of control) but also its transport and excretion. ${\alpha}$-tocopherol is known to be transported mainly in the form of ${\beta}$-lipoprotein but the present study showed that the ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was transported in the form of albumin bound or micellar structure as well.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.259-268
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of Red Ginseng Saponins on 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced toxicities in guinea pigs ($200{\pm}10$ g). Normal control (NC) group guinea pigs ($200{\pm}10$ g) received vehicle and saline, while the TCDD-treated (TT) group was given water-extract (WE), saponin fraction (SF) and non-saponin fraction (NSF). Korean red ginseng fractions were administered from 1 week before TCDD-exposure for 4 weeks. Body weight loss and deteriorated clinical parameters related to sugar metabolism and liver function such as lipase and AST, respectively, these were significantly reduced by both saponin and non-saponin fractions. However, increase of lipase was attenuated by the saponin fraction in a dose-dependent manner. Only AST was affected by the saponin fraction. The results suggest that saponins are active substances in the Korean red ginseng water extract against TCDD induced toxicities in Guinea pigs.

• 약학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.174-179
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• 1986

The thymus weight of the mouse was 54.1% in protein malnutritive diet group and 39.2% in group treated with saponin fraction of Panax ginseng in comparison to normal diet group. This decreasing effects of protein malnutritive diet and saponin fraction on the thymus weight practically disappeared after four weeks. The saponin fraction showed no effect on the spleen weight of the mouse. The supplement of the saponin fraction enhanced total peritoneal exudate cells, content of total serum protein and albumin content of the mouse, each 45, 8 and 10% respectively in comparision to that of normal diet group. And these values in protein malnutritive diet group were 61.2, 83.6 and 87.0% respectively in comparision to that of normal diet group, and recovered to the level of normal diet group by the supplement of the saponin fraction. The electrophoregram of the serum protein of the mouse fed with protein malnutritive diet was different from that of the mouse fed with normal diet, but this difference practically disappeared by the supplement of the saponin fraction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 1991

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of ginseng saponin fraction and cyclophosphamide (CY) on the tumor development, the antitumor effect and the tumoricidal activity of mouse macrophage. When mice were treated with saponin or CY following inoculation with Sarcoma 180, tumor development was inhibited and survival ratio increased, and a combination of both treatments further inhibited the tumor development. Tumoricidal activity of macrophage was effectively increased at 10-7% concentration of CY and it was further increased when macrophage was cotreated with saponin and CY. Tumoricidal activity of macrophage was greatest at the third day after inoculating tumor cell. Both saponin and CY increased the chemiluminescence of macrophage, but CY had no effect on releasing TNF, unlike saponin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.232-239
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• 1985

The effects of total saponin, triol and diol saponin, and prosapogenin of ginseng on the absorption of cholesterol and the component of serum lipids was observed as a function of time using isotopic method. The following results were obtained. 1) Labelled cholesterol absorption was observed to be enhanced after adminstrations of total saponin, triol saponin, and. prosapogenin of ginseng to rat (Sprague Dawley). 2) Decreases in the amount of serum lipid were observed after administration of total saponin and prosapogenin of ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.102-107
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• 1983

The effects of saponin, one of major components (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), on the growth of E. coli K-12 and the formation of siderphore was observed The following results were obtained. 1. When E. coli was grown on medium containing 1${\times}$10-5%-11${\times}$10-1% of the saponin, the rate of growth was stimulated at 10-1% of the saponin significantly compared to that of control. 2. When E. coli K-12 was grown on medium containing 1${\times}$10-1% of the saponin, the amount of siderphore was two times as much as the control. 3. The growth of E. coli was observed to be dependent on the concentration of siderophore when siderophore was added to medium. 4. The effect of saponin on the formation of siderophore in vitro was observed to reach maximum at 1${\times}$10-3% of the saponin. Such results suggest that the growth rate of E. coli K-12 could be enhanced by ginseng saponin fraction through stimulation of siderphore formation. We have described the fast growth of E. coli, K-12 and B. subtilis, rapid uptake of 14C-glucose, and high level of other metabolites such as lipids and proteins of E. coli, and B. subtilis in medium containing saponing fraction compared to that of microorganisms without saponin fraction.1∼3Such differences were claimed to be due to rapid uptake of 14C-glucose by widened periplasmic region throught unknown mechanism in the prescence of saponin fraction in medium3 and have raised a question whether there is another possible factor, siderophore4(Greek for iron bears), since microorganisms must secure a sufficient amount of iron for normal growth. These are known to be synthesized by the cells under iron-deficient condition and in most case, excreted into the medium5, where they can complex and solubilize any iron present there. It is generally believed that these complexes are then taken into the cells presumably by specific transport systems, thus providing iron for cell metabolism. Within the group of enteric bacteria, only three species (E. coli, S. typhimurium, and A. aerogense) have, so far, been studied in a ny detail. The main iron-binding compound produced by these species is enterochelin, and its role in iron transport is now well established. And biosynthesis of enterochelin from 2, 3- dihydroxybenzoate and serine in the prescence of magnesium ions and ATP was reported6. 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoate was also shown to involve isochorismate and 2, 3-dihydro-2, 3-dihydroxybenzoate as intermediate.7∼11 The present paper deals with the effect of ginseng saponin fraction on growth, the level of enterochelin formation in vivo and the conversion of 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoate and serine into entrochelin in vitro, and entrochelin obtained on the growth in relation to possible explanation of ginseng saponin fraction on the rapid growth of E. coli, K-12.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1984년도 학술대회지
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• pp.113-118
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• 1984

한국산 인삼(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) 뿌리에서 추출한 사포닌 성분이 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 실험관 내 실험과 동물실험으로 관찰하였다. 흰쥐(Sprague-Dawley, male, $18{\~}200g$)의 마이크로좀 분획을 NADPH, $Fe^{+3}$, ATP $\alpha^{-+}$-ocopherol 과 인삼 사포닌 분획 (대조군은 사포닌 분획대신 같은 부피의 물)을 함유한 혼합물에서 30분간 반응을 진행시키고 생성되는 molondialdehyde를 분석한 결과 사포닌 분획은 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 항산화작용을 상승적으로 증가시켰다. 그리고 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 항 산화작용에 상승적 효과는 반응액에서의 인삼 사포닌 분획의 농도가 $10^{-5}\%$ 전후에서 특히 현저하였다. 술로 과산화물을 유발케 한 쥐에게 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol만을 또는 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol과 인삼 사포닌 분획의 혼합물을 경구투여하고 일정 시간 후에 간의 과산화 지질을 thiobarbituric acid 방법으로 분석한 결과 사포닌 분획이 동물체내에서도 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 항 산화작용을 크게 촉진시키는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 사포닌 분획은 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 흡수를 촉진시키는 것으로 보고되고 있으며 본 실험에서도 이것을 확인하였고 이와 같은 사포닌 분획의 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol흡수 촉진은 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 항 산화작용을 더욱 효과적으로 촉진 시킬 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.160-168
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• 1997

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of Panax ginseng saponin extracts on the dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of mouse thymus in vivo and mouse thymocytes in vitro. The saponin fractions of red ginseng (R-SAP) and white ginseng (Wl-SAP) were provided by the Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute, and the other saponin fraction of white ginseng (W2-SAP) was extracted in our laboratory. 1. The male ICR mice (3~4 wk old; weighing 15$\pm$2 g) were given by each saponin fraction of 5 mg/kg/ day for 4 days, and at one hour after the last treatment, they were injected by deuamethasone (5 mg/kg : DX). The mouse thymus was extracted at 6 hours after DX injection, and they were stained with hematoxylin-eosin reagents and an Apop-Tag kit, respectively, and the thymocytes prepared from it were labelled with anti-mouse FITC-anti-CD4 and anti-mouse PE-anti-CD8 and then analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). DX-induced reduction of thymus weight was significantly attenuated by W2- SAP but was not affected by other saponin fractions. And DX-induced apoptotic death of thymocytes, appeared in the histologic findings of the thymus, was inhibited by the saponin fractions and the order of these inhibitory potencies was R-SAP》W2-SAP>Wl-SAP. However, in respect of T cell receptors, the differentiation of thymocytes seems not to be changed by treatments with DX or/and the saponin fractions. 2. In the primary thymocyte culture, the DX-induced reduction of thymocyte MTT values was rather greater in RPMI 1640 medium of IWc fetal bovine serum (FBS) or horse serum (HS). In addition, the DX-Induced MTT reduction was significantly inhibited by R-SAP or W2-SAP, in the culture using that medium of 5% FBS or HS. But these saponin fraction did not effected the DX-induced reduction of thymocyte MTT value in primary culture of 10% FBS or 10% HS. These results suggest that R-SAP and some W-SAP fractions may protect thymocyte from stress or glucocorticoisteroid-induced death of them.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.227-237
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• 2002

One prominent characteristic of2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity in rats is a reduction of body weight accompanied by an altered serum lipid profile such as hyperlipidemia. A single administration of TCDD (50 ug/kg) resulted in a decrease of body weight and increase of serum cholesterol in rats. TCDD-induced weight loss and serum cholesterol elevation was reduced in rats administered with water extract (100 mg/kg) or saponin fraction (40 mg/kg) of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer. In contrast, the administration of Panax quinquefolium did not inhibit the TCDD-induced weight loss and serum cholesterol elevation. Histological examinations of liver and testis revealed the administration of saponin fraction of Panax ginseng attenuated the TCDD-induced hispathologicallesions whereas the administration of saponin fraction of Panax quinquefolium did not. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis demonstrated high percentiles of ginsenoside Rg and ginsenoside $Rh_1$ were evident in saponin fraction of Panax ginseng. Results indicate that the protective effects of Panax ginseng, not Panax quinquefolium, on the TCDD-induced toxicity might be resulted from different compositions of saponins in Panax ginseng.