• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2019

Water-induced strength reduction is one of the most critical causes for rock deformation and failure. Understanding the effects of water on the strength, toughness and deformability of rocks are of a great importance in rock fracture mechanics and design of structures in rock. However, only a few studies have been conducted to understand the effects of water on fracture properties such as fracture toughness, crack propagation velocity, consumed energy, and microstructural damage. Thus, in this study, we focused on the understanding of how microscale damages induced by water saturation affect mesoscale mechanical and fracture properties compared with oven dried specimens along three notch orientations-divider, arrester, and short transverse. The mechanical properties of calcite-cemented sandstone were examined using standard uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) tests. In addition, fracture properties such as fracture toughness, consumed energy and crack propagation velocity were examined with cracked chevron notched Brazilian disk (CCNBD) tests. Digital Image Correlation (DIC), a non-contact optical measurement technique, was used for both strain and crack propagation velocity measurements along the bedding plane orientations. Finally, environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was employed to investigate the microstructural damages produced in calcite-cemented sandstone specimens before and after CCNBD tests. As results, both mechanical and fracture properties reduced significantly when specimens were saturated. The effects of water on fracture properties (fracture toughness and consumed energy) were predominant in divider specimens when compared with arrester and short transverse specimens. Whereas crack propagation velocity was faster in short transverse and slower in arrester, and intermediate in divider specimens. Based on ESEM data, water in the calcite-cemented sandstone induced microstructural damages (microcracks and voids) and increased the strength disparity between cement/matrix and rock forming mineral grains, which in turn reduced the crack propagation resistance of the rock, leading to lower both consumed energy and fracture toughness ($K_{IC}$).

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 암반 수리-역학적 관계의 기본모델 입력인자인 암석 입자 체적계수에 대하여 직접적인 측정 실험법을 제시하고, 실험을 수행함으로써 암석 입자 체적계수를 도출하였다. 또한, 서로 다른 기하학적 특성을 가진 암석에 대하여 암석 입자 체적계수를 비교함으로써 입자 체적계수에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해 살펴보았다. 실험 결과 이론적으로 추정하는 암석 입자 체적계수의 값이 실제보다 과대예측 하고 있음을 확인하였으며, 이에 대해 암체 입자 구조에 따른 암석 내부 고립돼있는 공극의 존재로 인한 가능성을 고찰하였다. 최종적으로, 본 연구에서 제시한 직접적인 측정방법이 사암의 입자 체적계수를 신뢰성 있게 예측할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.427-440
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• 2024

This study concentrates on the 301 comprehensive caving working face, notable for its considerable mining height. The roof model is established by integrating prior geological data and the latest borehole rock stratum's physical and mechanical parameters. This comprehensive approach enables the determination of lithology, thickness, and mechanical properties of the roof within 50 m of the primary mining coal seam. Utilizing the transfer rock beam theory and incorporating mining pressure monitoring data, the study delves into the geometric parameters of the direct roof, basic roof movement, and roof pressure during the initial mining process of the 301 comprehensive caving working face. The direct roof of the mining working face is stratified into upper and lower sections. The lower direct roof consists of 6.0 m thick coarse sandstone, while the upper direct roof comprises 9.2 m coarse sandstone, 2.6 m sandy mudstone, and 2.8 m medium sandstone. The basic roof stratum, totaling 22.1 m in thickness, includes layers such as silty sand, medium sandstone, sandy mudstone, and coal. The first pressure step of the basic roof is 61.6 m, with theoretical research indicating a maximum roof pressure of 1.62 MPa during periodic pressure. Extensive simulations and analyses of roof subsidence and advanced abutment pressure under varying working face lengths. Optimal roof control effect is observed when the mining face length falls within the range of 140 m-155 m. This study holds significance as it optimizes the working face length in thick coal seams, enhancing safety and efficiency in coal mining operations.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.126-134
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• 2001

대한해협의 북동쪽에 위치하는 해저곡에서 채취된 2점의 시추퇴적물에는 장경 약 7cm의 각진 사암편들이 협재 되어 있다. 이 시추퇴적물들의 퇴적상 분석과 사암편내에 포함된 개형충의 동정 등에 의해서 사암편의 기원과 해저곡 퇴적물의 퇴적환경을 해석하고자 한다. 시추퇴적물들은 해저곡의 수심 약 160m의 해저면에서 채취되었는데, 이곳은 천부탄성파 탐사(Chirp)자료에서 표층반사면은 확산되어 길게 연장되어 있으며, 내부반사파가 없거나 확산된 음파 특성을 보이고 있다 이 시추퇴적물들은 사암편들과 조개편들이 협재되는 상부 역질 모래퇴적물과 하부의 생물교란된 뻘퇴적물로 구성되어 있다. 하부의 생물교란된 뻘퇴적물은 내대륙붕 및 대륙사면의 홀로세 뻘퇴적물에 비해서 낮은 함수율(27${\sim}$44%)과 높은 전단응력(19.2${\sim}$>37 kPa)을 가진다. 그리고 뻘퇴적물의 점토함량은 48${\sim}$56%로, 내대륙붕에 발달된 하천 기원의 뻘퇴적물과 구성성분이 거의 유사하다. 시추자료 상부의 역질 모래퇴적물은 평균입도가 2.3${\sim}3.0\;{\phi}$이며, 사암편과 조개편들에 의해서 상향조립화 되어 있다 현재 대륙붕의 팔림세스트(palimpsest) 퇴적물은 대부분 뻘질 모래 또는 모래질 뻘 퇴적물(평균입도: 4.6${\sim}7.6\;{\phi}$ )로 구성되어 있다. 이 자료들에 의해서 시추퇴적물들은 선현세의 저해수면시기에 형성된 고하천과 고해안 퇴적층일 가능성이 크다. 한편 모래 퇴적물 내에 협재된 사암편들은 대부분 석영립과 생물쇄설성 입자로 구성되어 있으며, 탄산염질 니로 구성된 기질과 일부 해록석 입자와 빈 공극들이 관찰된다. 또한 EP-7 시추퇴적물내에 포함된 사암괸에서는 한류성 개형충 종인 Normanicythere sp.와 Kotoracythere sp.가 산출되었는데, 이들은 후기 플라이오세${\sim}$전기 플라이스토세를 지시하는 절멸종이다. 따라서 이 사암편들은 최후빙하기 동안에 해저곡 주변에 노출된 플라이오세-플라이스토세 기반암으로부터 운반된 고해안퇴적층의 일부로 해석된다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.91-99
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• 1997

To stabilize the energy price, the more storage facilities of energy are required and among the storage methods of LPG and LNG, the method of storage at low temperature under normal confining pressure is considered. It is needed to understand the mechanical and thermal characteristics of rock under temperature variation so that the behaviors of rock can be predicted. In this paper, the variation of the rock charateristics of the Hwangdeung granite and the Boryung sandstone is studied at low temperature. The mechanical characteristics of rock under low temperatures are that as temperature decreased, unaxial compression strength and Young's modulus increased for Hwangdeung granite; strength and Young's modulus in wet condition were greater than those in dry condition. In the case of Boryung sandstone, as temperature decreases unaxial compression strength and Young's modulus increase but decrease below -10$0^{\circ}C$ in dry condition and below -16$0^{\circ}C$ in wet condtion. The mechanical characteristics of rock after cooling to previous temperature and thawing are that uniaxial compression strength and Young's modulus decrease as temperature decreases. Uniaxial compression strength and Young's modulus in wet conditon decrease more than those in dry condition. Brazilian tension strength decreases as temperature decreases.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2005년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.29-38
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• 2005

It is important to understand groundwater conditions such as recharge, flow and hydrochemical process occurred within an aquifer for groundwater protection and groundwater resource management. Groundwater from the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone aquifer of North Yorkshire has been used for industrial purposes and domestic water supply. Tn order to understand the processes affecting groundwater chemistry and identify the sources of high chloride, sulphate and nitrate concentrations hydrochemical and isotopic measurements were carried out. Hydrochemical and isotopic measurements indicated that five groundwater types exist within the Sherwood Sandstone aquifer of study area. The results of hydrochemical and isotopic measurements showed that older groundwaters have different hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics from recent recharge water. It was also found that water-rock interactions are the dominant mechanism controlling the ${\delta}^{13}C$ composition of dissolved inorganic carbon, the ${\delta}^{34}S\;and\;{\delta}^{18}O$ composition of dissolved sulphate and the strontium isotope ratios ($^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$) in recent recharge water and old groundwater. Several abstraction boreholes within the Selby wellfield have been contaminated by saline water. The isotopic data of saline groundwater samples taken from these abstraction boreholes indicate that saline waters are derived from the dissolution of the Triassic evaporites within the Mercia Mudstone.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권30호
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• pp.125-136
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• 2009

Stone cultural heritages in Korea have a severe damages from chemical and biological weathering because most of them have been situated in outdoors without any suitable protection systems, and this in turn causes deformation and structural damage. To counteract these problems and increase durability, various kinds of conservation materials are used in the conservation and restoration treatments. However until now there are not many practical and technological experiments on this subject. This paper attempts quantitative evaluation of effectiveness about chemical of ethylsilicate based resin for sandstone in Yeongyang-gun. It takes a long time to evaluate durability and side effect after conservation materials treatment. So we use artificial weathering through freezing§ thawing experimental method. As a result of this experiment, porosity and absorptance increased, and elastic wave speed, elastic modules, unconfined compression strength and tensile strength decreased more than before. This study plans to make a scientific method study about weathering factor and mechanism, and to deduce correlation between artificial weathering and natural weathering.

• 지질공학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.141-152
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• 2001

영천댐 도수로 터널 중 청송군 현서면 지역의 터널 구간(연장 1,484m)에 대한 터널내 유입량과 수리지질학적 특성간의 관계를 연구하였다. 본 연구에서는 터널내로 유입되는 초기 유입량(라이닝 및 그라우팅 이전의 유입량)과 터널지역의 사암층, 절리빈도, 절리간극 및 간격, 단층, 수리전도도간의 관계를 분석하였다. 그리고 절리빈도와 수리전도도의 관계도 고찰하였다. 본 연구지역에서는 단층폭과 터널내 지하수 유입량의 관련성이 가장 크며, 사암의 두께, 수리전도도, 절리빈도순으로 관련성이 낮아지는 것으로 판단된다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.71-83
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• 2019

This investigation presented conventional triaxial and creep-permeability tests on sandstones considering thermally-induced damage (TID). The TID had no visible effects on rock surface color, effective porosity and permeability below $300^{\circ}C$ TID level. The permeability enlarged approximately two orders of magnitude as TID increased to $1000^{\circ}C$ level. TID of $700^{\circ}C$ level was a threshold where the influence of TID on the normalized mass and volume of the specimen can be divided into two linear phases. Moreover, no prominent variations in the deformation moduli and peak strength and strain appeared as TID< $500^{\circ}C$ level. It is interesting that the peak strength increased by 24.3% at $700^{\circ}C$ level but decreased by 11.5% at $1000^{\circ}C$ level. The time-related deformation and steady-state creep rate had positive correlations with creep loading and the TID level, whereas the instantaneous modulus showed the opposite. The strain rates under creep failure stresses raised 1-4 orders of magnitude than those at low-stress levels. The permeability was not only dependent on the TID level but also dependent on creep deformation. The TID resulted in large deformation and complexity of failure pattern for the sandstone.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.58-68
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• 2011

전기 및 탄성파 탐사를 이용한 이산화탄소 지중저장의 모니터링의 기초연구로써, 수포화 암석시료에 $CO_2$주입시 비저항과 P파속도를 측정하였다. 암석시료는 Berea사암이며, $CO_2$는 초임계상태 (10 MPa, $40^{\circ}C$)로 주입하였다. 초임계 $CO_2$주입에 의해 비저항의 증가 및 P파속도와 진폭이 감소하였다. P파 속도 토모그램은 암석시료에 주입한 초임계 $CO_2$의 거동양상을 보여주었다. 비저항과 탄성파속도는 $CO_2$거동 모니터링하는데 유용하다. 그러나 P파 속도는 비저항 변화에 비해 $CO_2$포화도가 20% 이상 일때 변화를 보이지 않았다. 비저항으로부터 $CO_2$포화도 예측은 탄성파 속도로부터 $CO_2$포화도 예측의 어려움을 보완할 수 있다. 비저항과 탄성파 속도의 동시측정에 의해 암석시료에 주입한 초입계 $CO_2$ 거동 및 $CO_2$포화도 분포를 예측할 수 있다.