• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2023

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a significant visual disease that induces impaired vision and irreversible blindness in the elderly. However, the effects of ginseng berry extract (GBE) on the retina have not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of GBE on blue light (BL)-induced retinal damage and elucidate its underlying mechanisms in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cells) and Balb/c retina. Methods: To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of GBE on retinal damage in vitro, we performed cell viability assay, pre-and post-treatment of sample, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and western immunoblotting using A2E-laden ARPE-19 cells with BL exposure. In addition, Balb/c mice were irradiated with BL to induce retinal degeneration and orally administrated with GBE (50, 100, 200 mg/kg). Using the harvested retina, we performed histological analysis (thickness of retinal layers), qRT-PCR, and western immunoblotting to elucidate the effects and mechanisms of GBE against retinal damage in vivo. Results: GBE significantly inhibited BL-induced cell damage in ARPE-19 cells by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, regulating NF-kB translocation, caspase 3 activation, PARP cleavage, expressions of apoptosis-related factors (BAX/BCL-2, LC3-II, and p62), and ROS production. Furthermore, GBE prevented BL-induced retinal degeneration by restoring the thickness of retinal layers and suppressed inflammation and apoptosis via regulation of NF-kB and SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP, and expressions of apoptosis-related factors in vivo. Conclusions: GBE could be a potential agent to prevent dry AMD and progression to wet AMD.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to examine the effect of a urinary incontinence management program on physical symptoms, daily life problems, and sexual life problems for women with mixed urinary incontinence. Methods: This study was conducted using a one group pre-test and post-test design. For the survey, 28 women having mixed urinary incontinence were chosen by convenience sampling and agreed to participate in this study. Their physical symptoms (urinary symptoms, maximum vaginal contraction pressure, and duration of vaginal contraction), daily life problems, and sexual life problems were measured. For descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used with SPSS Win 14.0. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the mean scores of physical symptoms (urinary symptoms and maximum vaginal contraction pressure), daily life problems, and sexual life problems. Conclusion: This urinary incontinence management program showed improvements in physical symptoms, daily life, and sexual life of women in the sample. The study results indicate that for effective urinary incontinence management programs nurses should recognize the importance of continual treatment and also develop coping strategies that have sensitivity and are appropriate for patients' daily and sexual problems.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2012

In this study, effective gene extraction methods were compared to identify raw materials of processed meat products through molecular biological methods. Species specific primers were used to identify ingredients of processed foods and, as a sample, 13 kinds of processed meat products including beef, pork and chicken. According to the type of sample, 13 kinds of samples were classified into liquid type, source type and powder type. The samples were pre-treated (centrifugation) and (or) performed Whole Gene Amplification (WGA) kit for amplification of the extracted DNA. As a result, it was possible to identify the raw material of products through the centrifugation of sample 1 ml for liquid type of processed meat products. For source type of products after gene extraction, it was required to perform WGA for the identification of ingredients. For powder type products did not required any further pre-treatment and WGA. In this study, it was an opportunity to confirm the possibility of identification of raw material from the gene extraction of processed meat products and this method could be used to examine the authenticity of raw material of products.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.849-859
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• 2000

This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of methane fermentation and lysis effects of pre-treated microalgae. Chemical compositions of microalgae showed that the VS(volatile solid) was 86.1% of TS(total solid), and the protein was 63.5% of VS. These values were higher than those of activated sludge. The cell lysis test of raw microalgae biomass was conducted by many physicochemical methods. presenting that the degree of cell lysis was affected by following order: ultrasonic(100min.), alkali(pH 13), ultrasonic(10min), thermal($120^{\circ}C$), thermal($50^{\circ}C$), and acidic(pH 3) treatment. Methane fermentation with many pre-treated samples was performed, showing that the concentration of acetic acid was the highest. followed by propionic acid, butylic acid and valerie acid among all VFA(volatile fattic acid). In methane production. ultrasonic samples were only more effective than untreated one in total gas and methane productivity. but other samples were less effective. Especially. the alkalic sample had an inhibitation effect on methanogens.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.631-636
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• 2002

Lethality of high intensity light pulse on the pre-determined microbial populations has been investigated. Prior to the treatment, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Pediococcus pentosaceus were cultivated separately onto the surface of Lactobacilli MRS agar. Pre-determined microbial populations were applied to the test media and these sample were exposed to high intense light source with an exposure time ranging from 1 to $2500\;{\mu}s$. Results showed that at least 200 light pulses of $1\;{\mu}s$ duration were required to reduce L. Plantarum cells by 90% at 25 kV, the greater the number of light pulses, the larger the reduction in viable cell numbers. Viable cells of L. plantarum and the others were reduced by more than 5 and 6 log cycles at the upper exposure level of $750\;{\mu}s$, respectively. These study shows that pulsed light emissions can significantly reduce populations of lactic acid bacteria on exposed surface with exposure times. Killing efficiency for L. plantarum significantly increased with decreasing the distance between the lamp and the surface of samples.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.244-254
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• 2006

Flame retardants are added to prevent catching fire and to slow down the burning process. PBDEs are known to affect thyroid hormones and hormone disruption. The aim of this study was to propose a manual for determination of PBDEs, and investigate the accumulation of PBDEs(BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) in fish&shellfish and human milk samples. Pre-treatment for PBDEs determination, alkali digestion and L-L(Liquid-Liquid) extraction method could be applied to fish and shellfish. When Multi-layer column was used for cleaning up the sample, 50 mL of hexane and 100 mL of hexane:dichloromethane(9:1) solutions were used for pre- and post-elution, respectively. Activated-carbon column was optimized by a 100 mL of hexane:dichloromethane(3:1). The result of fish, highest concentration was detected in flatfish, 890 pg/g(wet weight). The other side, lowest concentration was detected in pollack, 40 pg/g(wet weight). The result of breast milk, PBDEs was detected 2,580 and 3,600 pg/g(lipid weight) from breast milk of Seoul and Juju, respectively. BDE-153 and 183 were not detected in all samples. There was no difference in PBDEs level was not difference between first and second delivery. In this study, we could find that PBDEs level in Korea is lower than other countries.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.788-805
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to verify the impact of Habitat for Humanity Korea's disaster risk reduction intervention on the mental health and satisfaction with life among residents of southern Bangladesh who had constantly suffered from disaster stress due to perennial flooding. Method: The target group was 138 residents who were pre-surveyed in August 2020 and post-surveyed in November 2021. The interventions consisted of individual incremental housing, public facilities for evacuation, and disaster response training for capacity development. The data were analysed using paired sample t-tests for pre-post changes and one-way analysis of variance to identify differences between treatment groups. Result: The results showed significant improvements in residents' depression, anxiety, somatisation and satisfaction with life after the intervention, with significant differences in mental health levels between the intervention treatments. Specifically, relatively higher disaster mitigation effects were found for individual infrastructure improvements and employment facilities compared to disaster response drills. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the positive role of Habitat for Humanity Korea's disaster risk reduction interventions on the mental health recovery of disaster victims and suggest practical approaches that can be applied in disaster risk areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.39-45
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• 2013

The gas generated from the fire which is continuous until material is completely burned. We can analyze usual gas using chromatography analysis but it can not be applicated to analyze for the gas from the fire because which gas is enormously generated. Besides, chromatography analysis has the disadvantage that it can not continuously analyze the sample's representativness, gas from the fire, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR, has been utilized for effective combustion gas analysis method in small-scale combustion and on-line analysis has been attempted continuously. However, continuous sampling of 3.5l/min can not be representativness of sample if the gas caused by a massive fire and space. And the gas sampling is practically impossible in such a case. In this study, we attempted remote analysis while overcoming the disadvantages of the current gas analysis by using an Open-Path Infrared Analyzer without pre-treatment of the sampling. For the remote analysis, quantitative analysis method was established regarding each combustion toxic gases. And we measured the gases from the fire that occurs in the real case.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2017

Among 45 patients of herniation of intervertebral disc with $L_4$ to $L_5$ herniation, who underwent infrared thermography, the number of female was larger than male and the age of 50s was highest. From the results measured from the distribution table, we have confirmed that there was no significant difference depending on sex and age (p> 0.05). The region of the highest ROI temperature for patients with $L_4-L_5$ intervertebral disc prolapse was the back of the posterior right tibia, and followed by the back of the left shin bone-below the front right knee-below the front left knee. There was a significant difference depending on the measured site. The average ROI temperature for patients was $30.30{\pm}0.50$ whereas that for normal persons was $31.20{\pm}0.58$, yielding the temperature difference of $0.66{\pm}0.59$ between the two groups. The ROI of patients was lower than $31.20{\pm}0.58$ (p <0.05) because the significance of the sample, which has been obtained from the results of a sample t-test, was less than 0.05 (p <0.05). From further researches, it may necessary to develope the methodology for correcting data regarding thermal environment and, in addition, to develope a new thermal index based on it. Therefore, we can confirm that pre-treatment for infrared thermography is very important in order to minimize the procedure for correcting data. It is required that radiologists who inspect disc herniations should carefully observe and consider the patients during their measurements.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.583-590
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• 2012

The HF (Hollow fiber) extraction method was optimized to analysis seven species of pesticides in aqueous sample and analyzing samples by GC/MS. Hollow fiber extraction showed good efficiency when it was conducted under these conditions: organic solvent was toluene and agitation speed was 1200 rpm. The 15% concentration of NaCl was optimized when it was experimented between 5% and 25%. The equilibrium time was determined at 15 minutes. The pH 5 showed the best effect on the extraction efficiency. The linearities of calibration curves of seven species were good with correlation of regression ($r^2$) over 0.995 when they were experimented over a concentration range of $5{\mu}g/L$ to $50{\mu}g/L$. The analytical data exhibited the detection of limits (LODs) range of $0.37{\mu}g/L$ to $1.23{\mu}g/L$ and the limit of quantification (LOQs) range of $1.19{\mu}g/L$ to $3.91{\mu}g/L$. The optimized HF-LPME extraction method provides a simple and effective preparation and requires small amount of organic solvents and samples compared to conventional pre-treatment methods.