• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2007

During the past decade, many salivary parameters have been used to characterize disease states. Ghrelin (GAH) is recently-discovered peptide hormone secreted mainly from the stomach but also produced in a number of other tissues including salivary glands. The aim of this work was to examine the relationship between active (aGAH) and inactive (dGAH) ghrelin in the saliva and other salivary parameters in type II diabetic patients and healthy controls. Salivary parameters were assessed in a single measurement of unstimulated whole saliva from 20 obese and 20 non-obese type II diabetes patients, and in 22 healthy controls. Total protein and alpha-amylase were determined by colorimetric methods, and glucose by the glucose-oxidase method. Saliva aGAH and dGAH levels were measured using a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit. Salivary concentrations of aGAH and dGAH ghrelin were more markedly decreased in obese diabetic subjects than in the two other groups. Glucose and alpha-amylase levels were higher in diabetic subjects than in controls. Furthermore, there were correlations between GAH levels and BMI, and between GAH and blood pressure. However, there was no marked variability in saliva flow rates among the groups. These results indicate that measurement of salivary GAH and its relationship to other salivary parameters might help to provide insight into the role of ghrelin in diabetes.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2013

Advantage of saliva analysis are the ease of sample collection and that samples can be collected more frequently with much less stress on the patient. The objective of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the concentrations of saliva and fasting serum glucose in both normal and diabetic subjects. The mean salivary glucose level in diabetic patients was $15.66{\pm}17.1$ mg/dl and $1.78{\pm}1.72$ mg/dl (P = 0.0006) in the control group. The mean fasting serum glucose level in diabetic patients was $202.12{\pm}66.91$ mg/dl, while that in the control group was $94.21{\pm}14.97$ mg/dl (P < 0.0001). The 0.95 degree of correlation between salivary and fasting serum glucose could be demonstrated. The concentration of salivary and fasting serum glucose was not significant different betweeen the measurements for male and female. In the oral glucose tolerance test (75g), the glucose concentration in saliva progressively increased during the first 30 minutes of the test and then progressively decreased, reaching at minutes 120 ~ 180 lowest point as like fasting serum glucose concentration. We can conclude that salivary glucose concentration was significantly higher in the diabetic subjects and that there was significant correlation between salivary and fasting serum glucose concentration. Measurement of salivary glucose could be a useful test having good correlation between salivary and fasting serum glucose concentration.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.424-433
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the salivary concentration of Potassium and Magnesium cations and their variation before and after sucrose and glucose rinse, and to investigate the relationship between the levels of each compound. Saliva samples were obtained from 40 subjects before and up to 60 min after intake of a 10% sucrose and glucose solution at 1-month intervals. Potassium and Magnesium in human saliva were determined via anion-exchange chromatography with an anion-suppressed conductivity detector using 12 mM sulfuric acid. The concentrations of Potassium and Magnesium before sucrose rinse were 274.3±77.9 mg/ℓ and 4.5±2.5 mg/ℓ, also, the concentrations of Potassium and Magnesium before glucose rinse were 279.2±62.1 mg/ and 4.8±2.0 mg/ℓ, respectively. Potassium and Magnesium concentrations were significantly decreased (p<0.05) after sucrose rinse. The content of potassium and magnesium in saliva before and after rinsing sucrose and glucose is difficult to standardize or classify, as previous research. The reason for the variation between individuals is large, and easily changed by chemical or physiological stimulation. However, this study was experiment for the purpose of accumulating basic data for saliva.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 1998

A $2{\times}2{\times}4$ factorial study was conducted to examine the possibility of improving estimates of in vitro digestibility, using untreated (UBS) and ammonia-treated (ABS) barley straw, through homogenization of rumen fluid (RF) and by additions of urea (U) and casein (C) as N sources and Xylose + Glucose (XG) as energy sources into artificial saliva. Digestibiltiy of ABS was significantly greater than that of UBS (p < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in digestibility when additions (U, UC, UCXG) were compared with the control (p < 0.001). A 2-way interaction between RF and straw type was significant (p < 0.05) for dry matter digestibility (DMD). Homogenization of RF increased DMD of ABS (p < 0.05) whereas it decreased DMD of UBS (p > 0.05). The study showed that addition of N alone or in combination with energy sources was not better than control, rather the reverse, digestion was inhibited by a combination of U and casein (UC). It was concluded that sufficient N and branched chain fatty acids were supplied in the inoculum from sheep fed high protein grass cubes to support the growth of cellulolytic microbes during in vitro incubation. Further studies are, however, required to explore the potential of homogenization in improving the in vitro method to estimate digestibility of cereal straws.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2013

Objectives: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of ursolic acid (UA)-containing composites on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm. Materials and Methods: Composite resins with five different concentrations (0.04, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%) of UA (U6753, Sigma Aldrich) were prepared, and their flexural strengths were measured according to ISO 4049. To evaluate the effect of carbohydrate source on biofilm formation, either glucose or sucrose was used as a nutrient source, and to investigate the effect of saliva treatment, the specimen were treated with either unstimulated whole saliva or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). For biofilm assay, composite disks were transferred to S. mutans suspension and incubated for 24 hr. Afterwards, the specimens were rinsed with PBS and sonicated. The colony forming units (CFU) of the disrupted biofilm cultures were enumerated. For growth inhibition test, the composites were placed on a polystyrene well cluster, and S. mutans suspension was inoculated. The optical density at 600 nm ($OD_{600}$) was recorded by Infinite F200 pro apparatus (TECAN). One-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction were used for the data analyses. Results: The flexural strength values did not show significant difference at any concentration (p > 0.01). In biofilm assay, the CFU score decreased as the concentration of UA increased. The influence of saliva pretreatment was conflicting. The sucrose groups exhibited higher CFU score than glucose group (p < 0.05). In bacterial growth inhibition test, all experimental groups containing UA resulted in complete inhibition. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the experiments, UA included in the composite showed inhibitory effect on S. mutans biofilm formation and growth.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.256-264
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between oral health behaviors and the results of the oral dysentery test for dental hygienists and students at Gyeonggi - do and Chungcheongnam - do. Self - filling questionnaires and oral diseases. The following conclusions were obtained. The most common toothbrushing frequency was three times a day (60.2%), and the most dominant frequency of eating between meals was once or less(49.7%). The most common snack that they had was stickiness-free sweetened food(66.5%), and the type of beverage that they had the most was sweetened beverages(49.7%). The average stimulated saliva flow rate was 9.41ml, and they got a mean of 9.52 in the buffering capacity of saliva. The average glucose clearance time was a mean of 12.02. When they took a streptococcus mutans colony count test, 80.1 percent belonged to the low-risk group(<$10^5$), and 82.6 percent belonged to the low-risk group(<$10^5$) when a lactobacillus test was conducted. There was a positive correlation between the irritant saliva fraction and the non-irritating saliva and saliva buffering ability. In the fluoride application experience, the glucose retention time was 10.66 minutes and the fluoride application experience was 13.33 minutes. (P = .008). The importance of oral health, which is directly linked to general health, should be emphasized in order to improve the quality of life as well as the life expectancy. For oral health, which is directly linked to systemic health, it is necessary to provide opportunities for oral health education that can be easily accessed by the public, and to continuously develop and provide oral health care programs for a lifetime.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.3
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• pp.413-418
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• 2018

In this paper, we describe the development of a non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on copper nanocubes(Cu NCs) electroplated laser induced graphene(LIG) electrodes which can detect a certain range of glucose concentrations. $CO_2$ laser equipment was used to form LIG electrodes on the PI film. This fabrication method allows easy control of the LIG electrode size and shape. The Cu NCs were electrochemically deposited on the LIG electrodes to improve electron transfer rates and thus enhancing electrocatalytic reaction with glucose. The average sheet resistances before and after electroplating were $15.6{\Omega}/{\Box}$ and $19.6{\Omega}/{\Box}$, respectively, which confirmed that copper nanocubes were formed on the laser induced graphene electrodes. The prepared electrode was used to measure the current according to glucose concentration using an electrochemical method. The LIG electrodes with Cu NCs demonstrated a high degree of sensitivity ($1643.31{\mu}A/mM{\cdot}cm^2$), good stability with a linear response to glucose ranging from 0.05 mM to 1 mM concentration, and a limit of detection of 0.05 mM. In order to verify that these electrodes can be used as flexible devices, the electrodes were bent to $30^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, and $180^{\circ}$ and cyclic voltammetry measurements were taken while the electrodes were bent. The measured data showed that the peak voltage was almost constant at 0.42 V and the signal was stable even in the flexed condition. Therefore, it is concluded that these electrodes can be used in flexible sensors for detecting glucose in the physiological sample like saliva, tear or sweat.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.228-234
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• 2020

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States. SPIONs are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as contrast agents and targeted delivery in nanomedicine using external magnet sources. SPIONs act as an artificial peroxidase (i.e., nanozyme), and these reactions were highly stable in various pH conditions and temperatures. In this study, we report a nanozyme ability of the clustered SPIONs (CSPIONs) synthesized by the oil-in-water (O/W) method and coated with biocompatible poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). We hypothesize that the CSPIONs can have high sensitivity toward H2O2 derived from the reaction between a fixed amount of glucose and glucose oxidase (GOX). As a result, CSPIONs oxidized a 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) commonly used as a substrate for hydrogen peroxidase in the presence of H2O2, leading to a change in the color of the substrate. We also utilized a colorimetric assay at 417 nm using various glucose concentrations from 5 mM to 1.25 μM to validate β-D-glucose detection. This study demonstrated that the absorbance value increases along with increasing the glucose level. The results were highly repeated at concentrations below 5 mM (all standard deviations < 0.03). Moreover, the sensitivity and limit of detection were 1.50 and 5.44 μM, respectively, in which CSPIONs are more responsive to glucose than SPIONs. In conclusion, this study suggests that CSPIONs have the potential to be used for glucose detection in diabetic patients using a physiological fluid such as ocular, saliva, and urine.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.135-144
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between oral health behavior and dietary habits and caries occurrence test and to provide basic data necessary for prevention of dental caries. The average salivary salivary fraction was 8.35ml and the non - amorphous salivary fraction was 2.41ml. The salivary buffering ability was 9.29 and the mean glucose retention time was 15.81 minutes. In the Streptococcus mutans colony count test, low risk group <105 was 80.5% and low risk group <105 was 84.4% in Lactobacillus colony count test. Correlation between caries test scores showed a positive correlation between salivary ratio and non - salivary ratio, saliva buffering ability, non - salivary fraction and glucose retention time, and Lactobacillus. Factors affecting the irritant saliva fraction were alcohol as a factor affecting the ratio of nuts, pork, and non - irritant saliva. In order to prevent dental caries, proper dietary control education should be combined with dental caries activity test and oral health education for proper eating habits.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.127-132
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• 2014

Purpose: Many substances in saliva or oral health care products interact with each other. The aim of this study was to investigate interactions between hyaluronic acid (HA), lysozyme, peroxidase, and glucose oxidase (GO) in enzymatic activities at low pH levels. Methods: HA (0.5 mg/mL), hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL, $30{\mu}g/mL$), bovine lactoperoxidase (bLPO, $25{\mu}g/mL$), and GO ($50{\mu}g/mL$) were used. The influences of HA, bLPO, and GO on HEWL activity were determined by measuring the turbidity of a Micrococcus lysodeikticus suspension. The influences of HA and HEWL on bLPO activity were determined by the NbsSCN assay, measuring the rate of oxidation of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (Nbs) to 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) $(Nbs)_2$. The influences of HA and HEWL on GO activity were determined by measuring oxidized o-dianisidine production. All experiments were performed at pH 4, 5, and 6. Results: HA and GO did not affect the enzymatic activity of HEWL at pH 4, 5, and 6. bLPO enhanced the enzymatic activity of HEWL at pH 5 (p<0.05) and pH 6 (p<0.05) significantly. The enzymatic activity of bLPO was not affected by HA and HEWL at pH 4, 5, and 6. HA and HEWL did not affect the enzymatic activity of the GO at pH 4, 5, and 6. Conclusions: Peroxidase enhances lysozyme activity at low pH, otherwise there were no significant interactions in enzymatic activities between HA, lysozyme, peroxidase, and GO at low pH levels.