• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.249-253
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties changes of wool fabrics dyed with safflower red and yellow colorants under Ultraviolet(UV)-light. For this purpose, the wool fabrics dyed with safflower red and yellow colorants were compared with each other after uv-light exposure in terms of K/S value, color changes(${\Delta}E$), morphology, and strength retention. K/S value rapidly decreased with increasing exposure time, but K/S value of the samples dyed with safflower yellow colorants decreased less than that of the samples dyed with safflower red colorants. In color changes, as increasing exposure time, $L^*$ and $b^*$ increased, $a^*$ decreased, and thereby ${\Delta}E$ increased in the samples dyed with safflower red colorants, $L^*$ increased, $a^*$ and $b^*$ decreased, and so ${\Delta}E$ increased in the samples dyed with safflower yellow colorants, indicating fading away by uv-light and changes of hue, value and chroma value. But the color change of samples dyed with safflower yellow colorants was less than that of samples dyed with safflower red colorants. SEM pictures showed a severe degradation by uv exposure, regardless of colorants type. Tensile strength slowly decreased until 14 days, and rapidly decreased until 21 days and slowly decreased. Strength retention of the samples dyed with safflower yellow colorants was higher than that of the samples dyed with safflower red colorants.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.337-343
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• 2009

This study systematically investigated a method for extraction of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linnaeus) colorants by ultrasonic treatment. Compared to pigments productivity and cell wall structures of safflower after general and ultrasonic method, the ultrasonic method showed high extraction efficiency of safflower pigments due to destruction of safflower cell wall caused by high vibration energies. Microscopic analysis confirmed the hypothesis that the ultrasonic treatment of safflower caused its cell wall structure loosened and made efficient extraction of safflower pigments. And also, LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that productivities of the yellow and red safflower pigments by ultrasonic method were 21.9% and 14.6% higher, respectively, than those of pigments extracted by general method. The ultrasonic extracted yellow and red colorants could be used to dye not only natural fibers like cotton, silk and wool, but also synthetic fiber like nylon, and generally gave a better color tone than the general extracted colorants from safflower due to the affinities of red and yellow colorant on different fibers. As the yellow and red colorant were extracted by ultrasonic treatment in water, the K/S value on of 550/440nm of cotton and rayon was increased but in the case of silk and wool the change of this value was almost not detected. Finally, this technique might provide a solution to establish reproducibility and standardization for the extraction and dyeing methods on fabrics.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the property of nylon fabrics dyed with safflower red and yellow colorants under Ultraviolet(UV)-light. For this purpose, nylon fabrics dyed with safflower red and yellow colorants were compared with each other after uv-light exposure in terms of K/S value, color changes(${\Delta}E$), morphology, and strength retention. K/S value rapidly decreased with increasing exposure time, but K/S value of the samples dyed with safflower red colorants decreased less than that of samples dyed with safflower yellow colorants. In color changes, as increasing exposure time, $L^*$ increased, $a^*$ decreased, $b^*$ increased, and so ${\Delta}E$ increased in samples dyed with safflower red colorants. In color changes, as increasing exposure time, $L^*$ increased, $a^*$ and $b^*$ decreased, and thereby ${\Delta}E$ increased in the samples dyed with safflower yellow colorants, indicating fading away by uv-light and changes of hue, value and chroma value. But the color change of samples dyed with safflower yellow colorants was less than that of samples dyed with safflower red colorants. SEM pictures showed a severe degradation by uv exposure, regardless of colorants type. Tensile strength slowly decreased until 14 days, and rapidly decreased until 28 days. Strength retention of the samples dyed with safflower yellow colorants was higher than that of the samples dyed with safflower red colorants.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

A new method for competent extraction of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linnaeus) colorants by using ultrasonic device was developed. When comparing to general extraction method, the ultrasonic method showed high extraction efficiency of safflower pigments. Ultrasonic method gave a higher extraction yield of red and yellow safflower pigments than using general method. It is supposed that the extraction efficiency is to be attributed to high vibration energies from ultrasound and finally induced physical changes of the pigments. Furthermore, this study explored the effects of ultrasonic treatment into the extracted safflower pigments on dyeing of cotton fabrics. Ultrasonic treatment into the extracted pigments exhibited significantly improved dyeing properties for the cotton fabrics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.928-934
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to investigate the dyeing properties of safflower yellow dye on silk for the standardization of dyeing process and color reproducibility. Yellow colorants were water-extracted from safflower petals, concentrated, and freeze-dried to obtain colorants powder. The effects of dye concentration, dyeing temperature, and pH of dye bath were studied in terms of dye uptake and shade. Fastness to dry cleaning and light was evaluated. Dye uptake increased with raising temperature and brighter and more vivid yellow shade was obtained when dyed at $30^{\circ}C$. As colorants concentration increased, dye uptake increased progressively and the shade got darker and deeper. Maximum color strength was obtained at pH 3.5. It was speculated that the adsorption of colorants seemed to occur mainly by hydrogen bonding and physical force at pH 5.5 and by ionic bonding as well as hydrogen bonding below isoelectric point(pH 3.8-4.0). The results of reproducibility test showed acceptable color difference in the range of $1.11{\sim}2.01$. Washing fastness was fairly good as 4/5 rating, while light fastness was 2/3 rating.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in properties of silk fabrics dyed with safflower red and yellow colorants under Ultraviolet(UV)-light. Silk fabrics dyed with safflower red and yellow colorants were compared with each other after uv-light exposure in terms of K/S value, color changes(${\Delta}E$), morphology, and strength retention. The K/S value rapidly decreased with increasing exposure time for samples of both colorants, but the extent of decrease was less for the samples dyed with safflower yellow colorant, than that of the samples dyed with safflower red colorant. Regarding the color changes with increasing exposure time, $L^*$ and $b^*$ increased, $a^*$ decreased, and thereby ${\Delta}E$ increased in the red-dyed samples, whereas $L^*$ increased, $a^*$ and $b^*$ decreased, and so ${\Delta}E$ increased in the yellow-dyed samples, indicating that the UV-light induced fading and changes of hue, value and chroma value. However, the color change of the yellow-dyed samples was less than that of the red-dyed samples. SEM images showed a severe degradation by UV-exposure for both colorant samples. Tensile strength slowly decreased until 14 days, but rapidly decreased thereafter. Strength retention of the yellow-dyed samples was higher than that of red-dyed samples.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.73-81
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to increase the ultraviolet-light (UV)-cut ability of cellulose fabrics (cotton, ramie, and rayon) dyed with safflower yellow colorants. For this purpose, samples treated with UV-cut agent and tannic-acid were compared with the untreated samples after UV exposure in terms of K/S value, color changes(${\Delta}E$), SEM, and strength retention. The K/S value rapidly decreased after 28 days exposure, whereas the K/S value of the samples treated with both UV-cut agent and tannic-acid decreased to less than that of the untreated samples. In color changes, $L^*$ increased while $a^*$ and $b^*$ decreased, indicating less red and yellow character in color. This induced a change in the hue, value and chroma values. However the color change(${\Delta}E$) of the samples treated with both UV-cut agent and tannic-acid was less than that of the untreated samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures showed a severe degradation by exposure in all samples. Tensile strength rapidly decreased after 28 days for cotton and rayon, and after 21 days for ramie. However, the strength retention of the samples treated with UV-cut agent and tannic-acid was higher than that of the untreated samples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1754-1760
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• 2007

To improve poor dye uptake of safflower yellow colorants, cellulose fibers were pretreated with chitosan. The effect of chitosan pretreatment on the dyeability of safflower yellow colorants to cotton, ramie, and rayon was investigated in terms of dye uptake, color, and colorfastness. Irrespective of fiber types, dye uptake increased continuously with increase in chitosan concentration. Chitosan pretreatment improved dye uptake up to 5.6 times for cotton, 7.2 times for ramie, and 3.7 times for rayon. For cotton and ramie, the shade of dyed fabric changed YR color to Y color with increase in chitosan concentration. Dyed rayon fabrics showed Y color irrespective of chitosan concentration. Shades got darker and deeper with increasing chitosan concentration. Shades of chitosan pretreated fabrics were shifted differently depending on dyeing temperature within same fabrics. In common, the color of all dyed fabrics changed to YR at 50 and $70^{\circ}C$ while Y color at 30 and $90^{\circ}C$. V and C value decreased with increase in dyeing temperature and resulted in darker and duller color, in general. Light fastness was fair while washing fastness was poor. It was confirmed that ultrasonic dyeing method enhanced dye uptake more than 30% for cotton and ramie fabrics compared to the conventional automatic machine dyeing method. However, no difference in dye uptake between two dyeing methods was found for rayon.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to increase uv-cut ability of cotton, ramie, and rayon fabrics dyed with safflower red colorants. For this purpose, samples treated with uv-cut agent and tannic acid were compared with the untreated samples after ultraviolet(uv)-light exposure in terms of K/S value, color changes(${\Delta}E$), SEM, and tensile strength retention. K/S value rapidly decreased with increasing exposure time, but K/S value of the samples treated with both uv-cut agent and tannic acid decreased less than that of untreated samples. As increasing exposure time, $L^*$ and $b^*$ increased, $a^*$ decreased, and so ${\Delta}E$ increased, indicating less red character and more yellow character in color. This leads to change hue, value and chroma value. But color change of samples treated with both uv-cut agent and tannic acid was less than that of untreated samples. SEM pictures showed a severe degradation by uv exposure in all samples. Tensile strength slowly decreased for 21 days. And after this point, the decreased proceeded more rapidly. Tensile strength retention of the samples treated with uv-cut agent and tannic acid was higher than that of untreated samples.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.664-668
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• 2001

The physical and chemical stabilities of carthamin of red pigment from safflower petals were investigated at various conditions of pHs, temperatures, inorganic ions, sugars, light and polysaccharides. The half-life values at pH 3.0, 5.0, 9.0 and 11.0 were 5.3, 5.0, 11.0 and 45.0 h, respectively, at $25^{\circ}C$. Therefore, carthamin is unstable at acidic condition. Carthamin was red, orange and yellow at acidic, neutral and alkaline solutions, respectively. At pH 3.0, carthamin was thermally unstable and the half lives were 3.62, 9.05 and 48.2min at $90^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. Among various inorganic ions, $Al^{3+}$ stabilized carthamin at acidic condition. At pH 5.0, carboxymethylcellulose prolonged the half-lives of carthamin at $25{\sim}90^{\circ}C$. Carthamin was very sensitive to light (20,000 lux) and the half-life was 2.32 min at pH 3.0.