• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.267-271
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• 2005

Lecithin is a naturally occurring group of phospholipids found in nearly every living cell and has been widely used as the ingredient of functional foods. Lecithin has high content of phosphatidylcholine(PC), pharmaceutical material which promotes metabolism through the cell membrane. This study was carried out to improve the present inconvenient analytical method of PC in law for health & functional foods. The commodities used in this experiment, were two kinds of egg yolk and eight kinds of soybean lecithin functional foods. PC was separated with isocratic elution with hexane : isopropanol : D.W (30:60:8) through silica column (2.1$\times$150 mm) by HPLC with Evaporative Light-Scattering Detector (ELSD). The flow rate of the eluent was 0.5 ml/mim and infect volume was 10ul. The neubilizer temperature of detector was $60^{\circ}C$, drift tube temperature of that was $75^{\circ}C$ and gas flow was 30 psi. Quantification was carried out by external standardization. Limit of quantification was 0.15ppm. Lecithin contents of egg yolk and soybean Products were > $66\%$ and > $81\%$), respectively. Phosphatidylcholine contents of egg yolk and soybean products were > $74\%$ and > $18\%$, respectively.

• 한국무역상무학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.45-72
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• 2006

The Equator Principles are a set of voluntary environmental and social guidelines for ethical project finance. These principles commit banks and other signatories to not finance projects that fail to meet these guidelines. The principles were conceived in 2002 on an initiative of the International Finance Corporation and launched in 2003. Since then, dozens of major banks have adopted the Principles, and with these banks among them accounting for more than three quarters of all project loan market volume the Principles have become the de facto standard for all banks and investors on how to deal with potential social and environmental effects of projects to be financed. While regarding the Principles an important initiative, NGOs have criticised the Principles for not producing real changes in financing activities and for allowing projects to go through that should have been screened out by the Principles, such as the Sakhalin-II oil and gas project in Russia. In early 2006, a process of revision of the principles was begun. The Equator Principles state that endorsing banks will only provide loans directly to projects under the following circumstances: - The risk of the project is categorized in accordance with internal guidelines based upon the environmental and social screening criteria of the International Finance Corporation (IFC). - For all medium or high risk projects (Category A and B projects), sponsors complete an Environmental Assessment, the preparation of which must meet certain requirements and satisfactorily address key environmental and social issues. - The Environmental Assessment report addresses baseline environmental and social conditions, requirements under host country laws and regulations, applicable international treaties and agreements, sustainable development and use of renewable natural resources, protection of human health, cultural properties, and biodiversity, including endangered species and sensitive ecosystems, use of dangerous substances, major hazards, occupational health and safety, fire prevention and life safety, socio-economic impacts, land acquisition and land use, involuntary resettlement, impacts on indigenous peoples and communities, cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed project, and anticipated future projects, participation of affected parties in the design, review and implementation of the project, consideration of feasible environmentally and socially preferable alternatives, efficient production, delivery and use of energy, pollution prevention and waste minimization, pollution controls (liquid effluents and air emissions) and solid and chemical waste management. - Based on the Environmental Assessment, Equator banks then make agreements with their clients on how they mitigate, monitor and manage those risks through an 'Environmental Management Plan'. Compliance with the plan is required in the covenant. If the borrower doesn't comply with the agreed terms, the bank will take corrective action, which if unsuccessful, could ultimately result in the bank canceling the loan and demanding immediate repayment. - For risky projects, the borrower consults with stakeholders (NGO's and project affected groups) and provides them with information on the risks of the project. - If necessary, an expert is consulted. The Principles only apply to projects over 50 million US dollars, which, according to the Equator Principles website, represent 97% of the total market. In early 2006, the financial institutions behind the Principles launched stakeholder consultations and negotiations aimed at revising the principles. The draft revised principles were met with criticism from NGO stakeholders, who in a joint position paper argued that the draft fails by ignoring the most serious critiques of the principles: a lack of consistent and rigorous implementation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.112-118
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze endangered species laws and systems in China from the viewpoint of the importance of protecting biodiversity and to propose suggestions for existing wildlife protection laws in China to improve efficacy. Since the People's Republic of China Wildlife Protection Act was promulgated and enforced in 1988, China has found that urgent amendments are necessary because of neglected management of the act. The content of the Wildlife Protection Act of China is not only monotonous and unsystematic, but also needs modification and supplementation because it is pre-modern and does not meet current demands. In comparison with other countries, the purpose of China's legislation, supervision system, scope of protection and public participation system differ. China's Wildlife Protection Act is also hindered by confusion in the legislative protection system, lack of an administrative compensation system, difficulties in implementation, deterioration of legal efficiency, lack of content and operations, and lack of a list of species that should be is protected. This paper proposes measures for improvement to solve this confusion in the legislative system for the endangered species protection law to establish a legal system suitable for the current situation in China.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.251-284
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• 2020

As the use of information has emerged as the core of national competitiveness, major developed countries and the Korean government have realized the importance of data. They have pursued technical research and standard establishment for long-term preservation and continuously strived for systematic management and preservation of data. However, although various types of data are specified for the purpose of record management in the law, there is no specific method on how to collect, manage and preserve them, except standard electronic documents. In particular, management and preservation of huge datasets from the administrative information system have been strongly demanded above all. Any guidelines for datasets do not have been properly provided. After the framework for selecting preservation format must be prepared, the system can be supplemented and built. The framework considering the characteristics of the dataset should be specified more concretely, and empirical verification of the conversion and restoration for the dataset preservation format derived according to the selection criteria is necessary. Therefore, this study intends to propose a method for long-term preservation through empirical verification of the preservation format after deriving an evaluation the framework for the preservation format selection criteria considering the characteristics of the dataset.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2020

Accident prevention is more important than follow-up, which is based on Heinrich's law. The marine incident system is a very meaningful system that can prevent similar accidents, and was introduced in 2010 in Korea in accordance with the enforcement of the Code for the Investigation of Marine Casualties and Incidents (CI Code). Based on the CI Code, ship owners or ship operators are required to notify the Central Chief Inspector using the designated notification form in the event of a marine incident, but the number of voluntary notifications is still small. In this regard, this study intends to provide a direction for improvement by conducting an in-depth analysis focusing on the lack of notification procedures and forms of the marine incident system. To this end, we analyzed related regulations, cases of excellent overseas shipping countries such as the United Kingdom and Singapore, cases of similar domestic transportation systems such as aviation and railways, and marine incident notification procedures and forms of leading shipping companies. Major improvements in the notification process include the transition of the marine incidents to voluntary reporting, the expansion of the reporting subjects, and the identification of the security of the informer's identity. The main contents of the notification form revision include the use of the term "reporting" instead of "notification," the content of the identity guarantee in the notification form, and the increase in statistical value through the expansion of optional entries.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.116-132
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• 1997

The purpose of the study is to find out how laws related to the nursing profession can be improved by analyzing the rules and regulations concerning nursing. Furthermore, to help settle legal matters in the process of doing nursing work. The data used for the study are the Health and Medical Act, the Maternal and Child Health Act, the School Health Act, the Special Act for Health and Medical Service in Rural Areas, the Industrial Health & Safety Act and the Notice on Nursing Professional Courses analyzed by age and content. The results of the study are as follows : First, basic nursing practice includes 'nursing care for recuperation and assistance in medical treatment and in special areas including the pre-vention of disease, maintenance of health, control of environment, and other therapeutic activities. It is suggested that the phrase 'assistance in medical treatment' should be eliminated as it limits the basic nursing practice to the assistance of the medical treatment. Second, Article 56 of the Health & Medical Act prescribes a special nurse but it does not prescribe a specific job. Accordingly, the new provison concerning the specific jobs of a special nurse should be added or a job guide should be inseated. Third, it is prescribed that those who have completed the training course after obtaining a license are qualified to be a midwife, a special nurse and a nurse practitioner working in special areas. However, school nurses, occupational health nurses and maternal and health workers are required to obtain a nurse license, but not to take an additional training course. Nurses working in special areas should be legally recognized as nurse specialists. The regulations to control various qualification standards consistently should be established. Fourth, the qualifications and types of nurses by area prescribed by Article 54 of the Health and Medical Act are not consistent with those of special nurses as recognized by affiliated organizations of the Korean Nurse Association and some hospitals. Accordingly, the qualifications and types of special nurses should be adjusted in consideration of special nurses. Fifth, as Article 16, Paragraph 2 of the Health and Medical Act does not prescribe the type and scope of first - aid treatment that nurses can provide, the first-aid treatment of nurses might be considered as an unlicensed practice. The specific regulations regarding these matters should be established. Sixth, the contents of the nursing record, which are prescribed by Article 21 of the Health and Medical Act as a duty, include 1) matters concerning body temperature, pulse, breath and blood pressure 2) matters concerning drug prescription 3) matters concerning input and output 4) matters concerning the treatment and nursing care (Article 17 of the Enforcement Regulations, Health and Medical Act). However, these matters are limited to basic nursing care and assistance in medical treatment. The new recording methods on nursing process are suggested to be adopted legally. Seventh, the prescription right entrusted to nurses which are prescribed by the School Health Act, the Special Act on Health and Medical Service for Rural Areas, and the Industrial Health and Safety Act are not consistent with the rights of nurses as prescribed by the Health and Medical Act. New regulations prescribing the partial right for medical treatment entrusted to nurses in consideration of the restraint of time and place in emergency situations should be established.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.107-120
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• 1974

Necessity and purpose of this study: In a large number of countries it has been founded that children′s domestic accidents are at great risk year by year In the United States, they publish detailed accident statistics at regular intervals. In Korea. there have been just a few studies on Accidents-At-Home of preschool children. But it can not be said that there have been any systematic statistics about this area. and any study accounting for the relations of home accidents and preschool: children in detail, Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was focused on the inquire of these relations so as to make a little contribution to Korean preschool children′s health and security measures. So, the detail-purposes are to study following questions and to testify following hypothesis. Prob. 1. What the types of accidents of Preschool children, where the place accidents occurred\ulcorner Prob. 2. What the cause of accidents and, the main factors of the cause\ulcorner Prob. 3. How about the number of their children. the disparity of age among their children and mother′s age in each case of accidents\ulcorner hypothesis 1. There will be differences in the density of protection of parents according to the number of their children. hypothesis 2, There will be differences in accident-types and first-aid methods according to parents socio-economic background. Method; This study employed the interviewing survey method, in which 130 preschool children ware random.sampled, who visit hospital to have medical care. These children (from 1 to 6 years olds) were selected at the emergency room of five hospitals in Seoul (Hosp: Severance, Woosok, Medical Center, Hanyang Medical College Hospital and Seoul Medical Col1age Hospital during study-period (from Aug. to Oct, 1973). Four head nurses in above Hospitals were employed as accident members for this study. Concerning research analysis, the method of hypothesis verifying is used. Conclusion: As two American experts on this subject. Dr, Raymond Neuter and Mr. Ross Mc Garland have drawn attention to "minor epidemics of accidents" that could be avoided by fairly simple measures. preschool children′s accidents could be avoided by parents fair attentions. In other words, one of the most common causes of preschool children′s accidents derived from their parent′s inattention. Therefore, one important task on this subject is to instruct the parents fairly about the children′s accidents. Many accidents could be avoided by the exorcist of a little self-discipline. Also, as much the prevention of accidents is important, as the first-aid Is Important and necessary at the case of the accidents. So, the methods of proper first-aid treatment must be emphasized, and must be taught in school, especially in girls school. And there could be other means available for prevention of accidents. Firstly, the public authorities can take legal measures. More stringent safety standards can be made enforceable by law. Building materials and equipment for domestic us: ought to meat minimum safety criteria at all times. Next the public itself has to understand the seriousness of the problem, and here the dissemination of information is of great importance. All mass media should be brought into play to promote greater public awareness of the question. At last, it will be needed to obtain more detailed epidemiological data through additional surveys and statistics after this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1214-1221
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• 2008

The aim of this study is to propose suggestions for establishing Korean regulatory standards of infant formula. Accordingly, the regulatory standards for food contaminants and additives in Korean infant formulas were compared and analyzed with those in CODEX, EU, Australia and New Zealand. Several suggestions for regulations were found from different countries. Firstly, it is advisable that additives for nutrient supplement of infant formula be classified as types of nutrients. Secondly, it is proposed that guidelines should be set on the maximum amount of additives in infant formula. Thirdly, pathogens such as Staphylococci and Salmonella of infant formula should be regulated. Finally, present regulations need to establish the maximum permissible levels of some pesticides, Pb and Al, that other countries are already regulating. These proposed recommendations would broaden the scope of infant formula regulatory standards needed for infants' health.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.56-62
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• 2019

This study examined effects of the operating characteristics of a pump according to the rotational speed of a pump and the change in flow rate when a centrifugal pump operates under the following conditions: regulated flow rate, head, rotational speed, and specific speed of 0.7 m/min, 8 m, 1750 rpm, an 182 (m, ㎥/min, rpm), respectively. The pump in the experiment did not have a guide vane and was connected directly to the rim, so that the rotational speed of the volute pump in a spiral or volute casing increased by 100 rpm from 1350 to 1750 rpm. The result of the relationship between the H-Q, L-Q, and 𝜂-Q characteristics and the dimensionless performance characteristics, such as the head coefficient, power coefficient and efficiency were studied. The change in pump performance could be estimated depending on the increase in the number of revolutions. The maximum efficiency of the pump was 52% with 1450 rpm, 0.165 ㎥/min flux, and 4.73 m of lift. The efficiency reached 50% with a maximum of 1750 rpm, 0.183 ㎥/min of flux, and 6.72 m of lift. The efficiency curve on the performance characteristics of the lift versus flux curve became oval not a curve from a quadratic equation that passes through the starting point according to the similarity law of the pump. Finally, when the flux coefficient increased, the power coefficient increased and the lift coefficient decreased. When the flux coefficient was 0.08, the maximum efficiency was 52%. Therefore, the change in flux affects the driving characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.11 no.2 s.23
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• pp.41-49
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• 2005

In general, the criminal responsibility of seaman should always be directly assumed by the seamen, according to the principle of self-incrimination. Therefore, the only possible countermeasures for the criminal responsibility of seamen may be to reduce the responsibility by using criminal procedures (ex. the warrant substance examination system, the review system of legality for confinement as much as possible. Another possibility is to reduce the penalty through the revision of the law. In detail, concerning the problem of fine, the maximum fine for oil spill accidents by criminal negligence is KRW 30,000,000 under the current Ocean Pollution Prevention Act, and when an oil spill occurs, the maximum fine tends to be levied regardless of the amount of the spilled oil; thus, it is judged that grading the fine according to the amount of spilled oil may be worth considering. Regarding P & I's payment of fine, contrary to general belief, it is only possible to make up the loss when P & I takes up the legal responsibility or acknowledges its payment. In order to solve the problem, it is possible to consider the option of introducing new collective insurance program or mutual aid system. Also, as seamen are not specialists in legal issues, the ship owners' association or the marine afficers' association need to develop some program through which they can receive systematic assistance from legal specialists including lawyers when they encounter any legal problems (ex. free legal aid programs for farmers and fishermen). Finally, it may be possible to establish enact new laws or revise the existing Act on Special cases Concerning the Settlement of Traffic Accidents to insert a new section on marine accidents.