• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 1982

The constituents of sugar, enzyme activity and number of pollens in standard honey (gathered from my own honey comb.) and commercial ones collected from local markets) were determined to know the difference between above two kinds of honey. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The constitution of saccharides in commercial honey was higher at 1% than the standard one. The average content showed 45% of fructose,41% of glucose, 3% of dextrin and 2% of sucrose. 2. Pollen contained in honey were mainly composed of oval and globe shape. The nunlber of pollen contained in standard honey was five times more than that in commercial ones .3. ${\alpha}-amylase$, ${\beta}-amylase$ and protease activity of standard honey were greated 5,2,2 times respectively comparing with that of commercial one, and acid protease activity with each sample was higher than the neutral.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2005

Chitin deacetylase (CDA; EC 3.5.1.41) catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acetamide bonds of chitin, converting it to chitosan. Chitosan has several applications in areas such as biomedicine, food ingredients, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. In this paper, occurrence, assay and purification protocols, enzymatic characteristics, substrate specificity, and mode of action of microbial CDAs have been described. Several lines of evidence have substantiated the biological roles involved in cell wall formation and plant-pathogen interactions for fungal CDAs. The gene structure of CDAs has been compared with other family 4 carbohydrate esterases which deacetylate a wide variety of acetylated poly/oligo-saccharides. The use of CDAs for the conversion of chitin to chitosan, in contrast to the presently used chemical procedure, offers the possibility of a controlled, non-degradable process, resulting in the production of well-defined chitosan oligomers and polymers. Insect pathogen that can secrete high levels of chitin-metab­olizing enzymes including CDA can be a possible alternative for new pest management tools.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.93-97
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• 1991

The enzymatic properties of purified CGTase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. YC-335 have been examined. Apparent Vmax values of the enzyme in transferring glycosyl residues ${\alpha}-,\;{\beta}-and\;{\gamma}-cyclodextrin(CD)$ to sucrose were $16.13,\;21.8\;and\;9.8{\mu}moles/min/mg\;protein$, respectively and Km values of the corresponding CD were 1.68, 0.33 and 0.37 mM, respectively. A number of saccharides, specially starch hydrolyzates such as glucose and maltose, could activate the dextrinizing activity of the enzym. However, the dextrinizing activity was inhibited by ${\beta}-CD$. It was found from Lineweaver-Burk plot that the inhibition of CGTase by ${\beta}-CD$ was noncompetitive. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis showed that the enzyme has three kinds of activity ; transglycosylation and disproportionation as well as cyclization.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2012

The chemical characterization of water-soluble organic carbon in ash emitted from a coal combustion boiler has not been reported yet. A total of 5 ash samples were collected from the outlet of an electrostatic precipitator in a commercial 500 MW coal-fired power plant, with their chemical characteristics investigated. XAD7HP resin was used to quantify the hydrophilic and hydrophobic water-soluble organic carbons (WSOC), which are the fractions of WSOC that penetrate and remain on the resin column, respectively. Calibration results indicate that the hydrophilic fraction includes aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and carbonyls (<4 carbons), amines and saccharides, while the hydrophobic fraction includes aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (>4-5 carbons), phenols, aromatic acids, cyclic acid and humic acid. The average mass of the WSOC in the ash samples was found to depend on the bituminous coal type being burned, and ranged from 163 to 259 ${\mu}g$ C/g of ash, which corresponds to 59-96 mg C of WSOC/kg of coal combusted. The WSOC mass accounted for 0.02-0.03 wt% of the used ash sample mass. Based on the flow rate of flue gas produced from the combustion of the blended coals in the 500 MW coal combustion boiler, it was estimated that the WSOC particles were emitted to the atmosphere at flow rates of 4.6-7.2 g C/hr. The results also indicated that the hydrophilic WSOC fraction in the coal burned accounted for 64-82% of the total WSOC, which was 2-4 times greater than the mass of the hydrophobic WSOC fraction.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.691-695
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• 2016

Protein glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification in mammalian cells. Aberrant protein glycosylation has been reported in various diseases, including cancer. We identified and quantified the glycan structures of O-linked glycoprotein from cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines from different histological types and compared their profiles by nanospray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (NSI-$MS^n$). Five human CCA cell lines, K100, M055, M139, M213 and M214 were characterized. The results showed that the O-linked glycans of the CCA cell lines comprised tri- to hexa-saccharides with terminal galactose and sialic acids: NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1, Gal2GlcNAc1GalNAc1, NeuAc2Gal1GalNAc1 NeuAc1Gal2GlcNAc1GalNAc1 and NeuAc2Gal2GlcNAc1GalNAc1 All five CCA cell lines showed a similar glycan pattern, but with differences in their quantities. NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 proved to be the most abundant structure in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (K100; 57.1%), moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (M055; 42.6%) and squamous cell carcinoma (M139; 43.0%), while moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (M214; 40.1%) and adenosquamous cell carcinoma (M213; 34.7%) appeared dominated by $NeuA_{c2}Gal_1GalNA_{c1}$. These results demonstrate differential expression of the O-linked glycans in the different histological types of CCA. All five CCA cell lines have abundant terminal sialic acid (NeuAc) O-linked glycans, suggesting an important role for sialic acid in cancer cells. Our structural analyses of glycans may provide important information regarding physiology of disease-related glycoproteins in CCA.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.337-346
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• 2011

24-hr integrated measurements of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM2.5 were made between May 5 and September 25, 2010, on a six-day interval basis, at the Metropolitan Area Air Pollution Monitoring Supersite. A macro-porous XAD7HP resin was used to separate hydrophilic and hydrophobic WSOC. Compounds that penetrate the XAD7HP column are referred to hydrophilic WSOC, while those retained by the column are defined as hydrophobic WSOC. Laboratory calibrations using organic standards suggest that hydrophilic WSOC includes lowmolecular aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and carbonyls with less than 4 or 5 carbons, amines, and saccharides. While the hydrophobic WSOC is composed of compounds of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids with carbon numbers larger than 4~5, phenols, aromatic acids, cyclic acid, and humic-like Suwannee River fulvic acid. Over the entire study period, total WSOC accounted for on average 48% of OC, ranging from 32 to 65%, and hydrophilic WSOC accounted for on average 30.5% (9.3~66.7%) of the total WSOC. Based on the previous results, our measurement result suggests that significant amounts of hydrophobic WSOC during the study period were probably from primary combustion sources. However, on June 9 when 1-hr highest ozone concentration of 130 ppb was observed, WSOC to OC was 0.61, driven by increases in the hydrophilic WSOC. This result also suggests that processes, such as secondary organic aerosol formation, produce significant levels of hydrophilic WSOC compounds that add substantially to the fine particle fraction of the organic aerosol.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.618-625
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• 2003

Investigations were carried out to optimize the culture conditions for the production of xylanase by Paenibacillus sp. DG-22, a moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from timber yard soil. Xylanase production showed a cell growth associated profile. Xylanase activity was found only in the culture supernatant, while $\beta-xylosidase$ activity was mainly associated with the cells. The formation of xylanase activity was induced by xylan and repressed by glucose and xylose. The production profile of xylanase was examined with various commercial xylan and maximum yield was achieved with 0.1∼ 0.5% birchwood xylan. Among various nitrogen sources tested, yeast extract was optimal for the production of xylanase. The xylanase activity was inhibited by $Co^{2+},\; Cu^{2+},\; Fe^{3+},\; Hg^{2+}\;$ and$\;Mn^{2+}$ ions while $Ca^{2+},\; Mg^{2+},\; Ni^{2+},\; Zn^{2+}$ions and DTT stimulated xylanase activity Mercury (II) ion at 5 mM concentration abolished all the xylanase activity. The predominant products of xylan-hydrolysate were xylobiose, xylotriose, and higher xylooligo-saccharides, indicating that the enzyme was an endoxylanase.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.214-219
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• 2006

A bacterial strain, initially identified as B1-3, was isolated from cheonggukjang, a traditional Korean dish made from fermented soybeans. Using the Biolog system and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, we identified B1-3 as Bacillus mojavensis. We manufactured a quickly fermented soybean (QFS) food product using the B. mojavensis, and guided by their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging ability. We isolated substances with antioxidative activity from it. Using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, we isolated 4 compounds from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble neutral fraction of methyl alcohol (MeOH) extracts of the QFS food product (genistein, daidzein, 3R,4R-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroxy-2-pentanone, and 3S,4R-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroxy-2-pentanone) and 3 compounds from its acidic fraction (4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, genistin, and daidzein). Two compounds from the neutral fraction (3R,4R-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroxy-2-pentanone and 3S,4R-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroxy-2-pentanone) were not detected in nonfermented soybeans (NFS) or in the filtrate of the LB broth used to culture B. mojavensis. However, they were detected in the filtrate of the same broth when it contained 2% glucose. These results suggest that these 2 compounds were derived from glucose (or other saccharides) in the soybean during fermentation. One compound that was found in the acidic fraction (4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) was readily detected in NFS, but not in the culture broth. This suggests that 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was derived from NFS. We concluded that the antioxidative activity of cheonggukjang is a result of the interactions between soybean components and the microorganisms used in the fermentation of cheonggukjang.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.34-44
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• 1984

This experiment was carried out to obtain the fundamental data for development of digestibility and quality enhanced product of soy yogurt. Soy yogurt was processed from raw materials of soybean, defatted soybean and sprouted soybean which inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum as a starter. Changes of chemical compositions, viable cell count and saccharides during processing were investigated including acceptibility of manufactured products. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Defatted soy milk ferment ed with Lactobacillus acidophilus was showed the greatest initial acid productivity and sprouted soy milk was showed the greatest growth of Loctobacillus acidophilus. 2. Acid production was accelerated when 2% glucose was used in soy milk. 3. Addition of reconstituted skim milk in soy milk and defatted roy milk increased acid production but was not showed the effect in the sprouted soy milk. 4. Sprouting soybean, the contents of raffinose and stachyose were decreased but those of glucose was increased. 5. When soy milk was fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus. the contents of raffinose and stachyose were decreased. 6. As a result of panel test, sprouted soy yogurt which was produced by addition of reconstituted skim milk of 10% showed the greatest flavor and tastes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 1997

Microorganisms producing xylanase were screened for the enzymatic production of xylo-oligo saccharides from xylan. One of the bacteria isolated from compost produced an endoxylanase extracellularly. The bacterium was identified as Bacillus sp. according to its taxonomic characteristics examined. Xylanase production reached upto 5 U/ml after 22 h of culture in LB medium at $30^{\circ}C$. The xylanase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. The molecular weight of the xylanase was estimated to be 20,400 by SDS-PAGE. Optimal temperature and pH for the xylanase activity was $60^{\circ}C$ and 6.5, respectively. The enzyme was stable at temperatures upto $40^{\circ}C$ and pH values from 4 to 10. The xylanase was completely inhibited by the addition of 2 mM mercury ion. Apparent $K_m$ and $V_max$ values for oat spelt xylan were 9.2 mg/ml and 1954 U/mg protein, respectively. For birchwood xylan, the values were 6.3 mg/ml and 1009 U/mg protein. The predominant products of the xylan hydrolysis were xylobiose, xylotriose and xylotetraose, indicating that the enzyme is an endoxylanase. Upto $85{\%}$ of the initially added enzyme (2 U/ml) was bound to 50 mg/ml of the insoluble fraction of oat spelt xylan after incubation at $30^{\circ}C$ for 30 min.