• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.125-156
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• 2009

Objectives : To research the trend of studies related to rheumatoid arthritis and to indicate the hereafter direction for its study in oriental medicine and its treatment. Methods : I reviewed 75 domestic oriental medical journals, and 50 medical journals about rheumatoid arthritis published after 2004, and comparative analysis was made. And these theses were classified by college, year, field of study, subject. Results : The following are the results of this study. 1. Classified by oriental medical college, Dae-jeon college published the most theses, followed by Dong-guk, Kyung-hee, Se-myung and Dong-shin college. Han-yang college published the most theses among college of medicine. 2. Classified by type of thesis, experimental theses(70 pieces, 94%) showed higher rate than that of clinical theses(4 pieces, 5%) in oriental medical studies. However, in medical studies, clinical theses(34 pieces, 68%) showed higher rate than that of experimental theses(15 pieces, 30%). 3. Analyzed by subject, the most dealt subject in oriental medicine was herb medication, followed by herbal acupuncture, single herb, electroacupuncture, sasang & gene, acupuncture & moxibustion, complex accordingly. The most dealt subject in medical clinical journals was standards of diagnosis & prognosis, followed by medication, gene analysis, pathogenesis, clinical pattern, operative treatment and complication accordingly. 4. In theses related to herb medication, most of the subject was to evaluate anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects of herb medication with geopungseup, jibitong, hwalhyeolgeoer function. The tendency of experimental methods was focusing on understanding anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms through molecular biologic methods by analyzing cytokine and gene. 5. Most of theses related to herbal acupuncture were experimental studies verifying ant-inflammatory and immnoregulatory effects through methods observing change of cytokine and immunoregulatory factors. Regarding remedies for herbal acupuncture, Ulmus davidiana Planch was most preferred, followed by bee venom. 6. In theses related to single herb, Boik-yak was most prefered, followed by Geopungseup-yak and Hwalhyeolgeoer-yak. Regarding methods of research, there were tendency of shifting from methods verifying travail, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects through a test of behavior, morphometry, serology and temperature measurement of the rectum and the skin into verifying anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects through observing inflammatory cytokine in the joint and cells of spleen. 7. In theses related to electroacupuncture, ST36 and adjuvant were most preferred as acupoints and induced factor. The tendency of experimental methods was turning from verifying mechanism of travail effect to analyzing inflammation and pain inducing factors. 8. Diverse medical clinical studies were published. Subjects such as diagnosis and prognosis, medication, gene analysis, clinical pattern, operational treatment, complication and pathogenesis were published. Especially, studies about standards of early diagnosis, and research on possible parallel medications with methotrexate were actively inquired. 9. Most of theses related to medical experimental studies was about mediators and receptors related to inflammatory induction and osteoclasia mechanism. Also, it was presented blockage of them can be effective on rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusions : The oriental medicine studies have merit in its diversity of treatment, but it clinical studies is lacking compared to experimental studies. Also, more diversity of subjects is necessary. Therefore, complementary measures are needed. Hereafter, oriental medicine research about rheumatoid arthritis needs more clinical research verifying the effectiveness and safety in clinical field. Also, we require oriental medical standard of diagnosis and researches on pathological generation which would make early checkup and prognosis possible.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.243-254
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• 2002

For the purpose of evaluating the biocompatability of 3 kinds of metallic materials frequently used in pediatric dentistry (stainless steel crown, orthodontic band, orthodontic wire), cellular and molecular studies, including cell growth and proliferation, screening of cell death with determination of types whether necrosis or apoptosis and changes in expressions of related signaling molecules were examined, using cultured human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1), HGF-1 was cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. among which the 3rd to 6th generations of HGF-1 were used. The specimen were divided into stainless steel crown (R), band (B) and wire (W). The immunocytochemical study was done for the detection of anti-PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) labeling. With extracted protein, western blot was done for the detection of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, using individual antibodies. Cultured cells proliferated, remarkably till 7 day and slightly at 11 day. There was no statistical significance in the counts of proliferating HGF-1 between control and experimental groups (p>0.05). Relative growth rates were no statistically significant difference between control and experimental groups (p>0.05). PCNA labeling indexes showing similar patterns in control and experimental groups. The expressions of ERK1 and ERK2, p38 were similar in control and experimental groups. The expression of JNK increased at 1st day, slightly decreased at 4th day and markedly increased at 7th and 11 day. Although the patterns of control and experimental groups were similar, the increased expressions of JNK at late period suggest a possible stress due to inhibited cell growth and proliferation, and worse culture condition. Conclusively, the 3 kinds of metal specimens used in this study did not induce cellular and molecular hazards during short term culture of HGF-1. But, for the better clinical stability, the establishment of long period culture and animal experiment was thought necessary.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 2008

Effect of pulverization on total solid, crude saponin, and acidic polysaccharide contents of dried red ginseng main root were tested. Several particle size samples, including red ginseng main root (non pulverized), $10{\sim}40$ mesh powder, $40{\sim}100$ mesh powder, and >100 mesh powder were used in the extraction. The sequential solvent extraction method (1st: 70% EtOH at $70^{\circ}C$ for 12 hr, 2nd: 70% EtOH at $70^{\circ}C$ for 12 hr, 3rd: water at $70^{\circ}C$ for 12 hr) was applied to extract the saponins and acidic polysaccharide. Extraction yield of total solid of pulverized red ginseng ($10{\sim}40$ mesh size) was increased to 20% compared with that of non-pulverized. Especially, the crude saponin content of pulverized red ginseng ($10{\sim}40$ mesh size) showed an increase of 47% over non-pulverized. No difference in the component ratio was observed by pulverization, when the individual ginsenosides were quantified by HPLC. Also, extraction yield of acidic polysaccharide of pulverized red ginseng ($10{\sim}40$ mesh size) was increased 57% compared with that of non-pulverized. The results suggested that pulverization might be useful for increasing the extraction yield of red ginseng components.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-62
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• 2013

The Dongmakgol Tuff is divided into 8 lithofacies based on their grain size and depositional structures: massive tuff breccia(TBm), welded tuff and lapilli tuff(LTw), rheomorphic tuff and lapilli tuff(LTr), massive lapilli tuff(LTm), stratified lapilli tuff(LTs), gradedly bedded lapilli tuff(LTg), crudely bedded lapilli tuff(LTb) and massive fine tuff(Tm). They can be divided into 3 pyroclastic rock group based on their constituents of the lithofacies. The lower group(LI) is composed of LTm, LTw and LTr, which are interpreted to have resulted from emplacement of voluminous pyroclastic flows due to ignimbrite-form eruption to boiling-over eruption. The middle group(LT+MI) consists of LTs, LTg and LTm associated with Tm in the lower part, and of LTm, LTw and LTr in the middle and upper parts; these suggest that started with deposition of pyroclastic surges from phreatoplinian eruption by poor eternal water, passed through emplacement of pyroclastic flows from ignimbrite-form eruption and ended with deposition of voluminous pyroclastic flows from boiling-over eruption. The upper group(lUT+uUT+UI) is composed of LTs, LTg and Tm in the lowermost, TBm, LTb, LTb and Tm in the lower part, and LTm and LTw in the middle and upper part, suggesting that began with deposition of surges from phreatoplinian eruption, passed through deposition of pumice- and ash-fallouts from plinian eruption and transformed into emplacement of pyroclastic flows due to boiling-over eruption. As result, eruptive processes in the Dongmakgol Tuff approximately began with phreatoplinian or/and plinian eruption, transformed into ignimbrite-forming eruption and proceeded into boiling-over eruption in each volcanism, but proceeded presumably without phreatoplinian or plinian eruption in the earlier stage of 1st volcanism.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2014

Objectives : This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture and explore the appropriate number of treatment for postmenopausal women diagnosed with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension. Methods : A 4-arm randomized open label pilot trial will be performed at 2 centers. Sixty participants will be divided into 2 treatment groups and 2 control groups. Treatment groups will receive acupuncture at 8 points(bilateral GB20, LI11, ST36, SP6) for 4 weeks(treatment group A, 10 total sessions) or 8 weeks(treatment group B, 20 total sessions), while maintaining usual care. Control groups will not receive acupuncture but will be under usual care for 16 weeks(control group C) or 20 weeks(control group D). Each patient's living habits will be corrected and drugs that may affect blood pressure(BP) will be prohibited. Treatment group A and control group C will be evaluated at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after randomization, while treatment group B and control group D will be evaluated at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after randomization. The major outcome variable is the magnitude of change in diastolic BP levels at 4 weeks after randomization; auxiliary outcome variables are (1) diastolic BP change at 8, 16, and 20 weeks, (2) systolic BP change, (3) BP control rate, (4) lipid profiles, and (5) high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Patient safety will be assessed at every visit. Results and Conclusions : The study findings may help develop evidence for the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for BP control.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.246-257
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of various occlusal loading sites and directions on the stress distribution of the cervical composite resin restorations of maxillary second premolar, using 3 dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) analysis. Extracted maxillary second premolar was scanned serially with Micro-CT (SkyScan1072; SkyScan, Aartselaar, Belgium). The 3D images were processed by 3D-DOCTOR (Able Software Co., Lexington, MA, USA). HyperMesh (Altair Engineering, Inc., Troy, USA) and ANSYS (Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc., Houston, USA) was used to mesh and analyze 3D FE model. Notch shaped cavity was filled with hybrid (Z100, 3M Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA) or flowable resin (Tetric Flow, Vivadent Ets., FL-9494-Schaan, Liechtenstein) and each restoration was simulated with adhesive layer thickness ($40{\mu}m$). A static load of 200 N was applied on the three points of the buccal incline of the palatal cusp and oriented in $20^{\circ}$ increments, from vertical (long axis of the tooth) to oblique $40^{\circ}$ direction towards the buccal. The maximum principal stresses in the occlusal and cervical cavosurface margin and vertical section of buccal surfaces of notch-shaped class V cavity were analyzed using ANSYS. As the angle of loading direction increased, tensile stress increased. Loading site had little effect on it. Under same loading condition, Tetric Flow showed relatively lower stress than Z100 overall, except both point angles. Loading direction and the elastic modulus of restorative material seem to be important factor on the cervical restoration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 1977

The purpose of this study are to analyze economic and psychological factors associated with the forest protection of the mountain people, and to explain the forms of the forest management by ownership classes, especially with forest in the production structure of the mountain villages, particulary from Aprial 1st to 20th in 1975. And the basis of the data for this study is to have been obtained by the sample of 462 households, in Jeonbuk province, which were selected by the method of Yandom sampling. In order to determine what relations there are between the forest ownership classes are independent and each of the selected economic and psychological factors, the chi-squre test was used. The findings may be summarized as follows; 1. The area per household forest land of the mountain villages farm families with forest was 1.4ha and are middle classes with the cultivated area, and manage their forest in favor of the forest fuel and the byproducts, which we call "Earn Ownership Management Form". As it is acomplished by the agricultural surplus labor, we can't expect the positive forest investments. 2. The expectation of the proceeds of forest investments seems to be high but 30% of them doubtful. And the mountain villages farm families with above 3ha forest area expect their forest investments to be positive and in future they have hope in the economic management from. 3. The mountainous mountain fram families reply to a small sums of capital and the control of after the fact on account of the negative factors of forest investment. But rural mountain villages farm famillies assist on spending too much money for the control and nexious insects damage. 4. The reason about illegal cut away was mainly their fuels problem and then most of moumtain farm villages was used to forest fuel in their fuel. But 57% of mountainous mountain villages farm families not having forest area, and 66% of them get their fual on the self-supply, and 66.9% of them get from public and nationat forest and other's forest. That is one of the big problems of the forest protection. 5. Above 66% of mountain people think that forest law is severe and 50% of mountainous mountain villages farm families think if usual. Especially ones not having forest area but taking advantage of forest among them think so. 6. Rural mountain villages farm families have comparatively positive attitude for protecting forest, but mountainous mountain villages farm families negative. Classes with above 3ha forest area have more outlook of forest protection. And the more such classes are, the better they can protect forest. 7. There are problem about operation and education of the forest law on the mountainous mountain villages farm families.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.359-368
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to develope and apply NIE programs related to sub-chapter 'The Change of Weather and Circulation of Water' in 2nd grade science text book of middle school, and thereby to investigate the effects of NIE approach on science-related attitude and teaming achievement of students, and interaction between treatment methods and students' learning ability. Subjects consisted of 2nd grade students of four classes in a girls middle school located at the southern part of Seoul. Four classes were divided into experimental and control groups by two classes randomly. The experimental groups have been instructed on the related-general concepts for six times and then received seven NIE programs developed by researcher for seven times. The control groups have received the instruction through the conventional teaching method. The NIE learning has been progressed following the steps using in the Iowa Chautaugua Program, e.g. invite, explore, propose explanation and solutions, and take action. NIE programs, e.g. project studying, topic studying and a crossword puzzle have been developed and applied using 'science first' approach of the STS instruction. Twenty questions related to social implications of science and leisure interest in science within seven frameworks of TOSRA have been used in this study as an evaluation instrument of science-related attitude. Learning achievement has been evaluated using an instrument developed by researcher. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. (1) NIE approach was more effective in progressing learning achievement of middle school students than conventional teaching method (p<.01). (2) Experimental groups show statistically significant improvement on science-related attitude than control groups (p<.01). There were no significant interactions between treatment methods and students' learning ability on learning achievement and leisure interest in science. The NIE approach were more effective than the conventional one on social implications of science, especially to low ability students.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the maximum bite forces between pre- and post-treatment related to specific diagnostic groups of TMD including masticatory muscle disorder (MMD), disc derangement (DD), joint inflammation (JI) and osteoarthritis (OA). Bite force between pre- and post-treatment was compared in 36 patients with unilateral TMD, successfully-managed in the Department of Oral Medicine, Dankook University Dental Hospital, for this study. The ratio of men to women was 7:29 and their mean age of $28.1{\pm}13.7$ years. The patients were categorized, through clinical and radiographic examination, into aforementioned 4 groups; MMD (N=18), DD (N=6), JI (N=5) and OA (N=7). The maximum bite force measurements were done at the antagonizing canines and 1st molars using a bite force recorder. Paired t-test, ANOVA, Multiple Comparison t-tests were used for statistical analysis. The results of this study showed that the maximum bite force before treatment increased after TMD treatment, which was noticeable at the canines (p=0.001 and p=0.000 for the affected and unaffected sides, respectively). In comparison related to the diagnostic groups of TMD, patients with osteoarthritis of TMJ exhibited the lowest strength while those with inflammatory disorder of TMJ had the highest strength on the affected sides. Increase of bite force after treatment was also found in each group. Significant difference between pre- and post-treatment was found at canines on the affected sides in MMD (p=0.045) and DD groups (p=0.009) while on the unaffected sides in OA group (p=0.003). Conclusively, the reduced bite force due to TMD could be recovered by conservative TMD treatment and that the difference of bite forces between pre- and post-treatment was noticeable at the canines.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.577-594
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• 1993

The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is the regeneration of the periodontium that have been destroyed as a result of periodontal disease. This study were done in order to determine the healing status of periodontium under Polytetrafluoroethylene and millipore fillter combined with fibrin and the effect of the guided tissue regeneration procedures were performed as follows : 1) flap operation using PTFE membrane(control group) 2) flap operation using PTFE membrane which was fixed with fibrin(experimental group 1) 3) flap operation using millipore filter which was fixed with suture(experimental group II) 4) flap operation using millipore filter which was fixed with fibrin(experimental group II) After 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks, dogs were sacrificed by perfusion technique and tissue block was excised including the tooth and prepared for light microscope with H-E & Masson’s trichrome staining. The result were as follows : In control and experimental group, there is no siginificant difference on epithelial cell down growth within 1st week, but more epithelial cell downgrowth in millipore or millipore combined with fibrin group. In this experiment, there were no significant difference in new cementum and alveolar bone formation whether PTFE membrane was fixed with suture or fibrin. In control and each experimental group, bone maturation appeared in 4 weeks, bone width increased bucco-lingually in control and experimental 1 group especially. Both control group and experimental group showed mild mew cementum formation on root surface and irregular arrangement of collagen fiber at 4 weeks, that showed obvious increased cementum formation at 8 weeks, and that was observed the functional arrangement of collagen fiber between new cementum and new alveolar bone at 12 weeks.