• 대한통합의학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 2017

Purpose : To examine the relative absolute reliability and validity of step test (ST) scores in subjects with chronic stroke. Method : A total of 27 stroke patients, participated in the study. A relative reliability index (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC) was used to examine the level of agreement of inter-rater test-retest reliability for ST score. Absolute reliability indices, including the standard error of measurement(SEM) and the minimal detectable change (MDC), and limits of agreement by Bland and Altman analysis. The validity was demonstrated by spearman correlation of ST score with 10 m Walk Test (10mWT), Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower/Extremity (FMA-L/E)-total score, Berg Balance Scale (BBS)-total score. Result : An excellent inter-rater reliability in ST scores was found (paretic, ICC=0.993~0.996; nonparetic, ICC=0.982~0.991). In addition, excellent test-retest reliability was found (paretic, ICC=0.992; nonparetic, ICC=0.967). It all showed acceptable SEM of the ST score as paretic and nonparetic were 0.22 and 0.46 respectively (average score <10 %), and the MDC of the paretic and nonparetic were 0.61 and 1.27 respectively (possible highest score <20 %). indicating that measures had a small and acceptable measurement error. The ST score of paretic and nonparetic were also found to be significantly associated with 10MWT (r=0.77~0.79), FMA-LE scores (r=0.73~0.81) and BBS scores (r=0.72~0.76). Conclusion : The ST showed highly sufficient Inter-rater test-retest agreement and validity and acceptable measurement errors caused by due to chance variation in measurement. It also can be used by clinicians and researchers to assess the balance and mobility performance and monitor functional change in chronic stroke patients.

• 한국기후변화학회지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.325-342
• /
• 2018

The Korea Emissions Trading Scheme ( K-ETS), which manages roughly 70% of the greenhouse gas emissions in South Korea, was initiated in 2015, after implementation of its 1st basic plan and the 1st allocation plan (2014) for the 1st phase (2015-2017). During the three and a half years since the launch of K-ETS, there have been critical policy change such as adjustment of the institutions involved, development and revision of the 2030 national GHG reduction roadmap, and change in the allocation plans. Moreover, lack of liquidity and fluctuation of carbon prices in the K-ETS market during this period has forced the Korean government to adjust the flexibility mechanism and auction permits of the market stability reserve. To evaluate the policy change in the K-ETS regarding conformance to its objectives, this study defines three objectives (Environmental Effectiveness, Cost Effectiveness and Economic Efficiency) and ten indicators. Evaluation of Environmental Effectiveness of K-ETS suggests that the national GHG reduction roadmap, coverage of GHG emitters and credibility of MRV positively affect GHG mitigation. However, there was a negative policy change implemented in 2017 that weakened the emission cap during the 1st phase. In terms of the Cost Effectiveness, the K-ETS policies related to market management and flexibility mechanism (e.g. banking, borrowing and offsets) were improved to deal with the liquidity shortage and permit price increase, which were caused by policy uncertainty and conservative behavior of firms during 2016-2018. Regarding Economic Efficiency, K-ETS expands benchmark?based allocation and began auction-based allocation; nevertheless, free allocation is being applied to sectors with high carbon leakage risk during the 2nd phase (2018-2020). As a result, it is worth evaluating the K-ETS policies that have been developed with respect to the three main objectives of ETS, considering the trial?and?error approach that has been followed since 2015. This study suggests that K-ETS policy should be modified to strengthen the emission cap, stabilize the market, expand auction-based allocation and build K-ETS specified funds during the 3rd phase (2021-2025).

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제58권6호
• /
• pp.566-570
• /
• 2015

Intramuscular myxoma (IM) is a benign neoplasm of mesenchymal origin. We report a rare case of IM which was located in the lumbosacral paraspinal muscles. A 62-year-old female patient presented with progressive low back pain for 2 months, and the radiologic findings showed a large mass ($4.0{\times}3.5{\times}6.5cm$) in the right lumbosacral paraspinal area. Total resection of the tumor was performed and the symptom was nearly resolved after surgery. Although the immuno-histopathological analysis was consistent with IM, there were some different findings from typical pathological characteristics of IM in this case. Firstly, the symptomatic change of the mass took relatively short time (less than 3 months), and this change was accompanied by partial calcification inside the mass. Moreover, iatrogenic interruption of paravertebral muscle by the other previous operation might be the promoting factor of the fibrous dysplasia, which can explain the pathogenesis of IM. To our knowledge, this is the eighth case of the lumbar paraspinal myxoma reported in the literatures and the first case in Asian population.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.386-389
• /
• 1992

녹차에 있어서 맛성분으로도 중요하고, 최근에는 그 약리작용의 연구과 활발히 연구되고 있는 catechin의 함량 분석을 국산 시판 녹차를 시료로 하여 시도하였다. 100mg의 시료 분말 녹차를 열수 출출한 후 $CHCl_3$를 가하여 시료 용액으로 부터 caffeine를 제거시키고 EtOAc를 가하여 catechin류를 추출 농축하여 5ml로 한 다음 $0.45\;\mu\textrm{m}$ membrane filter를 통과시킨 후 $2\;\mu\textrm{l}$을 HPLC에 주입시켰다. 4종류의 고순도 정량분석용 catechin류를 표준용액으로 한 검량선법에 의하여 시료중의 catechin 함량을 구하였다. 그 결과, EGCg의 함량(찐 1번차 : 7.54%, 볶은 1번차 : 7.88%)이 가장 많았고 EGC, ECg, EC의 순서로 그 함량이 감소하엿다. 수확시기가 늦은 2번차에서는 EGCg, ECg 와 같은 gallate는 증가하고 EGC는 약간 감소하는 경향을 나타내어 차의 맛에 영향을 주는것 같다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.175-183
• /
• 2011

The climate of the $21^{st}$ century is likely to be significantly different from that of the 20th century because of human-induced climate change. An extreme weather event is defined as a climate phenomenon that has not been observed for the past 30 years and that may have occurred by climate change and climate variability. The abnormal climate change can induce natural disasters such as floods, droughts, typhoons, heavy snow, etc. How will the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events be affected by the global warming change in the $21^{st}$ century? This could be a quite interesting matter of concern to the hydrologists who will forecast the extreme weather events for preventing future natural disasters. In this study, we establish the extreme indices and analyze the trend of extreme weather events using extreme indices estimated from the observed data of 66 stations controlled by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) in Korea. These analyses showed that spatially coherent and statistically significant changes in the extreme events of temperature and rainfall have occurred. Under the global climate change, Korea, unlike in the past, is now being affected by extreme weather events such as heavy rain and abnormal temperatures in addition to changes in climate phenomena.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.107-117
• /
• 2003

Objective: This study was examined for effects of acupuncture of Zusanli(ST36) on the facial thermography in health subjects. Methods: The voiunteers who participating in this study had taken rest for 15 mins in room temperature ($19-21^{\circ}C$) before the examination and informed them what to prohibit smoking. drinking and administration of drug for the previous day. The thermography of face was taken using Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging (D.I.T.I.: Dorex. DTI-16UT1. U.S.A.) by time interval of 35 minutes at 15 min before and 20 min after acupuncture stimuiation. Thermal temperature of Daying(ST5). Juliao(ST3) and Quanliao(SI18) was measured and compared. Results: The results showed that acupuncture of Zusanli(ST36) significantly decreased the Absolute defference of temperature between Daying(ST5) and Juliao(ST3) (p<0.05, Data were represented meant ${\pm}$S.E.M.(n=33)). The results showed that acupuncture of Zusanli(ST36) significantly decreased the Absolute defference of temperature between Quanliao(SI18) and Juliao(ST3)(p<0.01, Data were represented mean${\pm}$S.E.M. (n=33)). But, acupuncture of Zusanli(ST36) particularly decreased the absolute defference of temperature between Daying(ST5) and Quanliao(SI18). Also. it was observed that acupuncture of ST36 decreased variety of the color tone of thermographic contour line and decreased thermal distribution. Conclusions: The results showed that acupuncture of Zusanli(ST36) significantly decreased the absolute defference of temperature of partial facial surface. Hereafter. study about if acupuncture of Zusanli(ST36) significantly decrease the absolute defference of temperature of all the areas of facial surface is requested. Also. continued study of effects of acupuncture of other meridian on the facial thermography is requested.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국식품위생안전성학회 1994년도 추계 학술 심포지움
• /
• pp.15-26
• /
• 1994

Bovine somatotropin(bST) or bovine growth hormone (bGH) is a protein of 191 amino acids produced by the anterior pituitary gland of cattle. Recombinant bovine somatotropin(rbST) is biosynthetic versions of the naturally occurring pituitary hormone in cows. The use of rbST in dairy cows promises to improve the efficiency of milk production around the world. Using recombinant DNA technology, bST can now be produced in commercial quantities. The recombinant bST(rbST) is biologically identical to the found in the bovine pituitary. Milk from rbST-treated cows has been found to have the same nutritional value and composition as milk from untreated cows. In November of 1993, rbST finally was approved by the FDA, nearly 10 years after filing a licence applica-tion. rbST has been one of the most extensively studied animal drug products to be reviewed by the agency. Three scientific facts will help to reassure the public about the safety of the milk suppy.: 1. rbST has no biological activity in humans when indigested orally or when given by intramuscular injection. 2. Insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) is not orally active. Any changes in IGF-1 levels in milk are well within normal variation and are lower than those reported in human milk. 3. All cow's milk contains bST, and no significant change in bST levels in milk occurs as a result of giving cows supplemental bST. Based on the scientific evidence, the public can be confident that milk and meat from rbST-treated cows is safe to consumers.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.27-34
• /
• 2012

Typha angustifolia has ecological characteristics of clonal growth similar to Phragmites australis. The plant spreads byclonal growth and seed dispersal. In this study, for the three stands which have different settlement age at the Baksilji wetland in Korea, genetic diversity was estimated by random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis to evaluate the change in genetic diversity of T. angustifolia during stand development in the same population. Stand (ST) 1 was the oldest and ST 4 was the youngest. ST 5 was in a small ditch out of the Baksilji. Although the ST 1, ST 2, and ST 3 did not differ significantly in vegetational or physical environment, the genetic diversity estimated according to Nei's gene diversity (h) and the Shannon index (i) increased in the order of ST 1 < ST 2 < ST 3 contrary to formative age. The genetic diversity of ST 4 was much higher than that of the other three stands. ST 4 has similar abiotic environmental conditions with slight T. angustifolia dominance, and seems to be in the early establishment stage. ST 5 differed from the other stands in vegetational and soil environments, which can result in stressful cattail conditions. Even though the ST 5 stand was not younger than the ST 4 stand, ST 5 showed the highest genetic diversity. Our results indicate that after early settlement of the T. angustifolia population, genetic diversity within the species decreased over time and that the decreasing pattern of genetic diversity within T. angustifolia stands is not likely to occur under stressful conditions.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제17권6호
• /
• pp.1493-1499
• /
• 2003

This study was examined for effects of acupuncture of Chok-Samni(ST36) on the facial thermography in health subjects, The volunteers who participating in this study had taken rest for 15 mins in room temperature (19-21 ℃) before the examination and informed them what to prohibit smoking, drinking and administration of drug for the previous day, The thermography of face was taken using Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging (D.I.T.I. : Dorex, DTI-16UT1, U.S.A.) by time interval of 35 minutes at 15 min before and 20 min after acupuncture stimulation. Thermal temperature of Yangbaek(GB14), Myon-koryo(ST3) and Chichang(ST4) was measured and compared, The results showed that acupuncture of Chok-Samni(ST36) decreased the Absolute difference of temperature between Myon-koryo(ST3) and Chichang(ST4) (p<0,05, Data were represented mean±S,E.M.(n=33)), But, acupuncture of Chok-Samni(ST36) particularly decreased the absolute difference of temperature between Yangbaek(GB14) and Chichang(ST4) and particularly decreased the absolute difference of temperature between Vangbaek(GB14) and Myon-koryo(ST3) (p<0,05, Data were represented mean±S,E.M.(n=33)). Also, it was observed that acupuncture of Chok-Samni(ST36) decreased variety of the color tone of thermographic contour line and decreased thermal distribution. The results showed that acupuncture of Chok-5amni(ST36) significantly decreased the absolute difference of temperature of partial facial surface. Hereafter, study about if acupuncture of Chok-Samni(ST36) significantly decrease the absolute difference of temperature of all the areas of facial surface is requested. Also, continued study of effects of acupuncture of other meridian on the facial thermography is requested.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제10권9호
• /
• pp.1625-1632
• /
• 2006

시술자로부터 침을 경유하여 유도되는 전위는 피시술자의 경락 경혈에서 전위변화의 원인으로 중요한 요소이다. 이에 대하여, 족양명위경상의 족삼리(ST36)에서 다양한 수기자극 방식에 따라 상거허혈(ST37)과 하거허혈(ST39)에서 유발되는 경락전위 패턴을 관찰하였다. 수기자극에 대한 임상실험결과, 침치료에 있어서 다양한 수기자극조건은 주로 톱니파(용량성 전류) 형태의 전위파형이 관찰되었다. 따라서 시술자와 피시술자간의 침치료 효과에 영향을 주는 주된 자극패턴은 용량성 전류자극 패턴임을 확인하였다.