• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.168-178
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• 2002

The CNC machine toots has two kinds of fault. One is the fault due to degraded parts and the other is the fault due to operation disability. The phenomena of degradation is predictable but the operational fault is unpredictable because it occurred without any warning. The major faults of CNC machine tool are operational faults which are charged over 70%. This paper describes the model of remote service and the intelligent fault diagnosis system to diagnosis operational faults of CNC machine tools. To generalize fault diagnosis, two diagnosis models such as SF(Switching Function) and SSF(Step Switching Function) are proposed. The SF is static model and SSF is dynamic model for expression of fault. The SF and SSF model can be generated using SFG(Switching Function Generator) which is developed in this research. The three major operational faults such as emergency stop error, cycle start disability and machine ready disability are applied to experiment of fault modeling. To remote service of faults fur CNC machine tool, the web server and client system based internet are proposed as the suitable environment. The developed two technologies are implemented with the internal function of open architecture controller. The implemental results for two technologies are presented to validate the proposed scheme.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.947-953
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• 2011

A fungal strain, Aspergillus terreus strain GA2, isolated from an agricultural field cultivating sweet sorghum, produced feruloyl esterase using maize bran. In order to obtain maximum yields of feruloyl esterase, the solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions for enzyme production were standardized. Effective feruloyl esterase production was observed with maize bran as substrate followed by wheat bran, coconut husk, and rice husk among the tested agro-waste crop residues. Optimum particle size of 0.71-0.3 mm and moisture content of 80% favored enzyme production. Moreover, optimum feruloyl esterase production was observed at pH 6.0 and a temperature of $30^{\circ}C$. Supplementation of potato starch (0.6%) as the carbon source and casein (1%) as the nitrogen source favored enzyme production. Furthermore, the culture produced the enzyme after 7 days of incubation when the C:N ratio was 5. Optimization of the SSF conditions revealed that maximum enzyme activity (1,162 U/gds) was observed after 7 days in a production medium of 80% moisture content and pH 6.0 containing 16 g maize bran [25% (w/v)] of particle size of 0.71-0.3 mm, 0.6% potato starch, 3.0% casein, and 64 ml of formulated basal salt solution. Overall, the enzyme production was enhanced by 3.2-fold as compared with un-optimized conditions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.960-967
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• 2011

Tannin acyl hydrolase, also known as tannase, is an enzyme with important applications in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. However, despite a growing interest in the catalytic properties of tannase, its practical use is very limited owing to high production costs. Several studies have already demonstrated the advantages of solid-state fermentation (SSF) for the production of fungal tannase, yet the optimal conditions for enzyme production strongly depend on the microbial strain utilized. Therefore, the aim of this study was to improve the tannase production by a locally isolated A. niger strain in an SSF system. The SSF was carried out in packed-bed bioreactors using polyurethane foam as an inert support impregnated with defined culture media. The process parameters influencing the enzyme production were identified using a Plackett-Burman design, where the substrate concentration, initial pH, and incubation temperature were determined as the most significant. These parameters were then further optimized using a Box-Behnken design. The maximum tannase production was obtained with a high tannic acid concentration (50 g/l), relatively low incubation temperature ($30^{\circ}C$), and unique low initial pH (4.0). The statistical strategy aided in increasing the enzyme activity nearly 1.97-fold, from 4,030 to 7,955 U/l. Consequently, these findings can lead to the development of a fermentation system that is able to produce large amounts of tannase in economical, compact, and scalable reactors.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.471-477
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• 2010

In order to improve bio-ethanol productivity by various cultivation methods in this paper, the culture modes using food wastes, such as batch culture, high-cell-density fermentation, SSF (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) by fill & draw, continuous culture by fill & draw were performed and their productivities were compared. SSFs by fill & draw were performed by continuous decompression using 1 L evaporator system, and by 10 L bioreactor without decompression. In addition, the continuous cultures by fill & draw mode using SFW (saccharafied food wastes) medium were performed by changes of 40% culture broth with intervals of 12 h (0.03 $h^{-1}$), 6 h (0.07 $h^{-1}$), 3 h (0.13 $h^{-1}$). Consequently, productivities of bio-ethanol were 2.52 g/L-h and 1.30 g/L-h in batch culture and high- cell-density fermentation, respectively. The productivities of SSF by fill & draw showed 2.24 g/L-h and 2.03 g/L-h in continuous decompression with 1 L evaporator and 10 L bioreactor without decompression, respectively. Also, the productivities in continuous culture by fill & draw modes showed 2.02 g/L-h, 4.07 g/L-h and 6.25 g/L-h by medium change with intervals of 12 h, 6 h, and 3 h, respectively. In conclusion, the highest ethanol productivity was obtained in the continuous culture mode by fill & draw with dilution rate of 0.13 $h^{-1}$.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.168-178
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• 2019

In this paper I discuss a more complicated case of 'It'-Extraposition in English in the Optimality Theory [1] by further modifying and extending the analysis done in Khym (2018) [2] in which only the 'relatively' simple cases of 'It'-Extraposition such as 'CP-Predicate' was dealt with. I show in this paper that the constraints and the constraint hierarchy developed to explain the 'relatively' simple cases of 'It'-Extraposition are no longer valid for the more complicated cases of 'It'-Extraposition in configuration of 'CP-V-CP'. In doing so, I also discuss two important theoretic possibilities and suggest a new view to look at the 'It'-Extraposition: first, the long-bothering question of which syntactic approach between P&P (Chomsky 1985) [3] and MP (Chomsky 1992) [4] should be based on in projecting the full surface forms of candidates may boil down to just a simple issue of an intrinsic property of the Gen(erator). Second, the so-called 'It'- Extraposition phenomenon may not actually be a derived construction by the optional application of Extraposition operation. Rather, it could be just a representational construction produced by the simple application of 'It'-insertion after the structure projection with 'that-clause' at the post-verbal position. This observation may lead to elimination of one of the promising candidates of '$It_i{\ldots}[_{CP}that{\sim}]_i$' out of the computation table in Khym [2], and eventually to excluding the long-named 'It'-Extraposition case from Extrsposition phenomena itself. The final constraints and the constraint hierarchy that are explored are as follows: ${\bullet}$ Constraints: $^*SSF$, AHSubj, Subj., Min-D ${\bullet}$ Constraint Hierarchy: SSF<<>>Subj.>> AHSubj.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.118-128
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• 2021

Purpose: To investigate the value of MR textural analysis, including use of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to differentiate malignant from benign soft-tissue tumors on 3T MRI. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 69 patients (25 men, 44 women, ages 18 to 84 years) with pathologically confirmed soft-tissue tumors (29 benign, 40 malignant) who underwent pre-treatment 3T-MRI. We calculated MR texture, including mean, standard deviation (SD), skewness, kurtosis, mean of positive pixels (MPP), and entropy, according to different spatial-scale factors (SSF, 0, 2, 4, 6) on axial T1- and T2-weighted images (T1WI, T2WI), contrast-enhanced T1WI (CE-T1WI), high b-value DWI (800 sec/mm²), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map. We used the Mann-Whitney U test, logistic regression, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for statistical analysis. Results: Malignant soft-tissue tumors had significantly lower mean values of DWI, ADC, T2WI and CE-T1WI, MPP of ADC, and CE-T1WI, but significantly higher kurtosis of DWI, T1WI, and CE-T1WI, and entropy of DWI, ADC, and T2WI than did benign tumors (P < 0.050). In multivariate logistic regression, the mean ADC value (SSF, 6) and kurtosis of CE-T1WI (SSF, 4) were independently associated with malignancy (P ≤ 0.009). A multivariate model of MR features worked well for diagnosis of malignant soft-tissue tumors (AUC, 0.909). Conclusion: Accurate diagnosis could be obtained using MR textural analysis with DWI and CE-T1WI in differentiating benign from malignant soft-tissue tumors.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.81-92
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• 2006

본 연구는 순수 면내모멘트를 발생시키는 선형적으로 변하는 수직응력을 받고 있는 단순지지된 마주보는 두 모서리와 자유경계를 가지는 직사각형 판의 자유진동과 좌굴의 엄밀해를 구하였다. 정현적으로 가정된 하중방향(x)으로의 변위함수는 단순지지 경계조건을 만족시키며, 평판을 지배하는 편미분 운동방정식 을 y 방향으로의 변계수를 갖는 상미분방정식으로 만든다. Frobenius법을 통하여, y방향으로의 멱급수를 가정하면 이 식을 엄밀하게 풀 수 있으며, 그 식의 합당한 계수를 구할 수 있다. 자유경계조건을 y=0과 b에 적용하면, 고유진동수와 임계좌굴모멘트를 구할 수 있는 4차의 특성행렬식이 만들어진다. 본 논문에서는 이 급수해의 수렴성이 면밀히 조사되었으며, 임계 좌굴모멘트의 수치결과와 모드형상이 주어진다. 상대적으로 정확도가 떨어지는 1차원적인 보 이론으로 구한 결과치와의 비교연구가 이루어진다. 또한 자유진동수와 모드형상 주어진다. 프와송비(v)의 변화에 따른 좌굴모멘트와 고유진동수의 변화가 도표로 주어진다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2013

본 연구는 바이오에탄올 생산용 작물 선발을 위해 국내재배 가능한 일년생 작물중에서 바이오매스 생산량이 우수한 수수-수단그래스 교잡종에 대한 바이오에탄올 생산성을 조사하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 총 11 품종의 수수-수단그래스 교잡종 대한 화학적 특성 검증 결과 셀룰로오스 함량은 Green Star 품종이 가장 높았으며 발효율 검정을 위해 Green Star, Revolution, KF429 그리고 SS504 4품종을 선발하였다. 2. 선발된 4품종으로부터 발효 당을 추출하기 위해 시료와 1 M NaOH 용매를 1:14의 비율로 혼합하고 $150^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 전처리하였을 때 시료내 셀룰로오스 함량은 55%이상 이였으며, 발효 저해 작용을 하는 리그닌 및 회분 함량은 65%이상 제거 되었다. 3. 전처리물의 당화율 검정을 위해 celli CTEC II 효소 30 FPU/g-cellulose를 사용하였으며 4품종의 당화율은 평균 86%이었다. 4. 수수-수단그래스 교잡종의 발효율 검정은 동시당화발효(SSF)방법으로 수행하였으며 발효균주로는 Saccharomysis cerevisiae CHY1011를 사용하였고, 결과적으로 Green Star의 발효율이 92.4%로 가장 높았으며 에탄올 생산량은 6,206 L/ha임을 확인하였다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제39권5_1호
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• pp.609-620
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 Sentienl-1 C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) 자료를 활용해 토양의 동결-융해 상태 구분을 위한 지표상태인자(surface state factor, SSF)를 산정하고, 기온, 초상온도, 지중온도 관측 자료와 비교를 통해 SSF 구분의 정확도를 분석하였다. 분석을 위한 SAR 자료는 우리나라 중부지방에 대해 2017년부터 2020년까지 4년 동안 관측된 Sentinel-1B descending node 116장을 구축하였으며, 동 기간의 농촌진흥청 토양수분 관측 지점 23곳에 대한 시 단위 기온, 초상온도, 10 cm 지중온도 자료를 구축하고 Sentienl-1B 영상의 촬영시각과 인접한 06:00 am 자료를 활용해 분석하였다. 전체 관측소에 대한 평균 정확도와 F1-score는 기온이 각각 0.63, 0.47, 초상온도가 0.63, 0.48, 지중온도가 0.57, 0.21로 나타났다. 겨울철(12~2월) 자료에 대한 평균 정확도와 F1-score는 기온이 각각 0.66, 0.76, 초상온도가 0.67, 0.76, 지중온도가 0.47, 0.44로 나타났다. 겨울철 자료의 정확도 상승은그외 시기에서 발생하는 오류가 포함되지 않기 때문인 것으로 보인다.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.139-149
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• 1998

The technology of Semi-Solid Forging(SSF) has been actively developed to fabricate near net shape products using light and hardly formable materials. Generally the SSF process is composed of slug is compressed during a certain holding time in order to completely fill the die cavity and accelerate the solidification rate. The decision of compression time is important since it can affect microstructural characteristics, mechanical properties and shape of products.. In order to determine it proper overall heat transfer coefficient between the slug and dies should be investigated. This paper presents the procedure to find the overall heat transfer coefficient between the slug and dies by nonlinear optimization of temperature and solid fraction for a cylindrical slug at compression step in closed-die semi-solid forging. In finite ele-ment heat transfer analysis release of latent heat during solidification was considered. The influence of the predicted compression time on miscrostructural characteristics mechanimcal properties and shape of products is finally investigated by experiment.