• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 1998

The aerosol concentrations of ionic components were measured on a daily basis from a coastal monitoring site located at Kosan, Cheju Island from 26 September to 5 October 1997 as a field-intensive for a LRTAP project The chemical species we investigated include most of important inorganic species (i.e., Cl-, NO3-, F-, SO42-, Na+, NH4+, and K+) and some organic species (i.e. formats, acetate, and methanesulfonate (MSA) ions). The concentration data of those important inorganic and organic species obtained during this study were evaluated to properly address their chemical and physical characteristics. Most of major inorganic components including sulfate, sodium, chloride, and potassium ions exhibited very conservative relationships with each other such that the concentration ratios of any pair are quite analogous to that of seawater ratio. Since the oceans serve as the major sources of ionic constituents, their concentration changes appear to be senstively reflected by the factors affecting air-sea processes such as an increase in wind speed or changes in wind direction. A comparative analysis of sulfur-containing species such as seasalt (SS) and nonseasalt (NSS) sulfate and MSA were also made to assess the factors influencing the S cycling. An evaluation of NSS/SS ratios suggests that most of sulfate be associated with NSS fraction rather than 55 one. The finding of lower MSA/NSS-SO42- ratio along with a line of physical evidence such as intrusion of anthropogenically affected air mass suggests that the oxidation of S species have been promoted under the conditions encountered during the study period. Finally, the concentration data of carboxylic species (such as formats and acetate ions) were also analyzed. Although the existence of temporal trends were difficult to assess, these data indicate that their contribution to the precipitation acidity may not be significant enough.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.743-747
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• 2003

Tests show that the growth of lactic bacteria in kimchi varies according to the type and concentration of salt used. Weissella confusa, the early stage bacteria in kimchi fermentation, increased sharply after 5 hr of induction with 3% light salt and refined salt. However, the induction period lengthened to 12 hr with 3% sea salt and bamboo salt. Lactobacillus delbrueckii ss lactis and L. pentosus which grow in the middle stage of fermentation, and L. hamsteri, which grows at the end stage of fermentation, were found after 12 hr of induction with 3% salt of all kinds. When 5% light salt was added to the culture medium, the induction period of bacteria other than W. confusa lengthens to 12 hr. The trend is similar for sea salt, bamboo salt, and refined salt, with a higher NaCl concentration resulting in less growth. W. confusa showed salt tolerance, but L. hamsteri was affected by the type and concentration of salt. With 5% sea salt, bamboo salt, and refined salt, the growth of bacteria was inhibited by up to 24 hr.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity and hair growth effects of a natural herbal ethanol extract, Samhwang-Sasimtang(SS). In case of antioxidant ability of SS, the content of phenolic compounds was 28.44mg/g. The extract showed strong electron donating ability and free radical scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner. SOD-like activity also rose through increasing the concentrations of SS. In order to estimate the hair growth effects, the extract was applied to the back of seven-week-old C57BL/6 male mice ($150{\mu}{\ell}$ a day, five days a week, for four weeks) in four groups (C, control, saline; PC, positive control, 3% minoxidil; E1, experimental 1, 1% SS; E2, experimental 2, 2% SS). Ten mice were assigned to each group and five mice in each group were sacrificed at weeks 2 and 4, respectively. There was no a significant difference in body weight change among experimental groups. In macroscopic observation of hair growth at week 4, the scores of hair growth on the backs of mice were 80, 60, 40 and 20% in the PC, E2, E1 and C groups. In terms of histological observation, the ratio and thickness of hair follicles, the enzyme activities of ALP and ${\gamma}$-GT, immunohistological examination of IGF-1 and VEGF which are the hair growth factors, in each group were significantly high in this order: PC, E2, E1 and C group, at week 4. Meanwhile, hair growth inhibition factors, TGF-${\beta}1$ and Caspase-3, were reduced in PC, E1 and E2 groups compared with C group. These results indicate that SS extract may be effective in promoting hair growth, and suggest that it can be used practically as a superior natural agent for hair growth promotion.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.110-117
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• 1995

Tc-99m Labeled hexamethylenepropyleneamineoxime ([$^{99m}Tc$]-HMPAO) is a famous amino-oxime compound and is widely used to construct SPECT images of cerebral blood flow. To investigate the relationship between chemical structure and radiolabeling in these kind of diamine-oxime compounds, we synthesized seven compounds by Schiff's base formation and successive reduction with sodium borohydride. They were (RR/SS )-4,8-diaza-3,6,6,9-tetramethylundecane-2,10-dione bisoxime (2), (RR/SS/meso)-4,8-diaza-3,9-dimethy-lundecane-2,10-dione bisoxime (4), (RR/SS/meso)-4,8-diaza-3,10-dimethyldodecane-2,11-dione bisoxime (5), (RR/SS/meso)-4,7-diaza-3,6,6,8-tetramethyldecane-2,9-dione bisoxime (8), (RR/SS/meso)-4,7-diaza-5,6-cyclohexyl-3,8-dimethyldecane-2,9-dione bisoxime (10), (RR/SS/meso)-3,4-bis(1-aza-2-methyl-3-oxime-1-butyl)-benzoic acid (12), and (RR/SS/ meso)-2,3-bis(1-aza-2-methyl-3-oxime-1-butyl) benzophenone (14). Chemical structures of all the synthesized compounds were identified by taking $^1H$ spectrum. Among them, 2 and 4 are propyleneamine oxime (PnAO), 6 is butyleneamine oxime (BnAO) and 8, 10, 12 and 14 are ethyleneamine oxime (EnAO). Each compound (0.5 mg) was incubated with stannous chloride (0.5 g - 8 g), carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (final concentration = 0.1 M, pH 7 - pH 10) and Tc-99m-pertechenate (1 ml). Tc-99m labeling of these compounds were checked by ITLC (acetone), ITLC (normal saline), reverse phase TLC (50 % acetonitrile) and ITLC (ethyl acetate). According to the results, EnAO's were not labeled by Tc-99m in any of above condition. About 11 % of maximum labeling efficiency was obtained with BnAO. However, 4 (PnAO) was labeled with Tc-99m to 85 % which is similar to the labeling efficiency of 2 (HMPAO). Hydrophilic impurity (9 % ) was the most significant problem with the labeling of 4, however, pertechnetate (3 % ) and colloid (3 %) were minor problem. In conclusion, we synthesized seven diamine blsoxlme compounds. Among them, four EnAO compounds were not labeled by Tc-99m. A BnAO was labeled poorly and two PnAO's were labeled well. These labeling can be explained by tertiary structure of their Tc-99m chelate.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.559-566
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• 2011

In this study, the good brewing conditions for the 24 $^{\circ}Brix$ freeze-concentrated apple wine were investigated. The four selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains MM10, SS89, SS812, and WW108, could ferment quickly when brewed with high sugar levels. During the fermentation, the reducing sugar contents slowly declined while the total acid in all the yeasts increased and the final alcohol content was 12-13%, a typical wine's alcohol content. The viable counts were shown to be 6-6.8 log cfu/ml. During the fermentation, the organic acid content was shown to be within the range of 2.36-3.11%, and the free sugar content, except for the SS89 and WW108 strains, was shown to consist only of sorbitol, although fructose was somewhat detected in the SS89 and WW108 strains. Methanol was not detected, or only a trace of it was detected, and the aldehyde content was 107.68-114.27 ppm. As for the fusel oil contents, a trace of propanol was detected. Isobutanol and butanol were present in 40.16-54.65 and 25.47-27.73 ppm, respectively. The isoamy1 alcohol content was shown to be the highest (108.88-217.26 ppm). The final total phenolic compounds were shown to be 0.1-0.16%. The final Hue values were shown to be 1.3-3.6, and the final intensity was 0.1-0.45. The lightness (L) was within the range of 91.78-98.51, the redness (a) was at a neutral position at red and green, and the yellowness (b) was within the range of 2.38-7.7. In the sensory evaluation, the SS812 strain was found to be the best in terms of color, the SS89 strain in terms of odor, and the WW108 strain in terms of taste. Overall, SS812 was found to be the best apple wine.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.651-661
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to estimate the characteristics and pollutant loadings of non-point pollutants that flowed in the streams on precipitation for pollutant loading reduction of Hwa-sung lake inflow streams. Although it has been made an effort to improve the water quality of Hwa-sung basin through the strategies for the preservation of water quality, it is shown that the water quality is not greatly improved. Because it has been industrialized and urbanized near Hwa-sung basin so that it is difficult to reduce the water pollution due to the increase in pollutant loadings of point and non-point sources. In this study, it is investigated the outflow characteristics of non-point pollutants that discharged with storm runoff and estimated the effect of runoff on Hwa-sung basin. The final goal of this study is to utilize the basic information for proper management and strategies of non-point sources on Hwa-sung basin. At the result of inflow streams, Ja-an stream that has the greatest pollutant loadings on precipitation is strongly influenced on the water quantity of Hwa-sung basin. On the other hand, it is shown that Nam-yang stream is strongly influenced on the SS concentration of Hwasung basin among them. Also, all streams; Nam-yang, Ja-ahn, Ah-eun stream; has the degree of slope more than or near 1 in the correlation results so that they have strong pollutant loading impact and the concentration of SS is the highest among other pollutants. So, specific studies on initial rain phenomena are more necessary to manage the pollutants economically. Also, the proper control of SS concentration is required to manage the effluent pollutants effectively on precipitation. So, it is necessary to consider the strategies for non-point pollutants as well as point pollutants when the new management is imposed to reduce the pollutant load for improvement of Hwa-sung basin.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2012

In this study, experiment on phosphorus removal was performed by using microbubble liquid film flotation tank with microbubble module. After dissolving gas and liquid in dissolving tank, microbubble liquid film system created microbubbles in equal size under fixed low pressure. After being passed through $A_2O$ and m-$O_3$ process, secondary treatment wastewater was used as influent in phosphorus removal process. When the T-P concentration of influent was 2.89 mg/L, alum(8%, 30 mg/L) was injected into a microbubble flotation tank, the treatment resulted 94% of T-P removal rate. Remaining T-P concentration was less than 0.2 mg/L, which is in accord with the effluent quality standard. Seasonal variations in water temperature showed no differences in T-P removal property. When the inflow concentration of SS was 1.0 mg/L or more, it served as coagulation nuclei in the coagulation process. In that condition, average T-P removal rate was higher than 97%. When 50% of floated scum was returned, coagulator Al included in scum assisted the injected coagulator and maximized the coagulation efficiency of pollutant. In such treatment, the T-P concentration was measured as 0.18 mg/L and satisfied the outflow water quality standard, which is 0.2 mg/L or less.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.36-41
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• 1995

In order to treat effectively various type of wastewater discharged from the manufacture factory of organic phosphorous agricultural pesticides by the activated sludge process. The acclimation test of sludge was carried out by the dilution of completely mixed raw wastewater. The results of experiment were obstained as follows. 1. The moderate dilution rate of mixed raw wastewater was founded to about 30 times. 2. The available range of BOD-SS loading was 0.1~0.15 $kg\cdot BOD/kg\cdot SS\cdot day$ and it was similar to the case of extended aeration activated sludge process. 3. After the acclimation of activated sludge, the concentration of MLSS was 2000 mg/L, removal efficiency of BOD more than 90%, and SVI 100, respectively. 4. The oxygen respiratory rate of acclimated sludge was $47 mg\cdot O_2/g\cdot hr$ and this was increased about 5 times than $10 mg\cdot O_2/g\cdot hr$ of ordinary sludge.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2000

The aim of this study is to identify the role of this natural treatment system, which consists of Oenanthe javanica and wasted concrete as bio-media. Therefore, it was designed to experiment water quality, BOD, SS, T-N, T-P to recognize the efficiency of treatment system with one biofilter tank using wasted concrete and vegetation bed using Oenanthe javanica. It was also designed to compare two different biofilter reactors, which are air lift and upflow methods. In the result, it was demonstrated that upflow method is more efficient system to control water quality of polluted streams. The vegetation bed using Oenanthe javanica has the treatment efficiency of 41 % (BOD), 52 % (COD), 60% (SS), 36 % (T-P), 70 % ($NH_4-N$). It was therefore proved that removal rates of nutrients are not so good except $NH_4-N$ concentration with nitrification.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.156-161
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• 2017

This work presents a novel structure for junction-less tunneling field effect transistor (JL-TFET) with a floating gate over the source region. Introduction of floating gate instead of fixed metal gate removes the limitation of fabrication process suitability. The proposed device is based on a heavily n-type-doped Si-channel junction-less field effect transistor (JLFET). A floating gate over source region and a control-gate with optimized metal work-function over channel region is used to make device work like a tunnel field effect transistor (TFET). The proposed device has exhibited excellent ID-VGS characteristics, ION/IOFF ratio, a point subthreshold slope (SS), and average SS for optimized device parameters. Electron charge stored in floating gate, isolation oxide layer and body doping concentration are optimized. The proposed JL-TFET can be a promising candidate for switching performances.