• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1033-1036
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• 2015

Background: Testosterone, a primary androgen in males, is converted into its most active form, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), by $5{\alpha}$-reductase type 2 (encoded by the SRD5A2 gene) in the prostate. DHT is necessary for prostatic growth and has five times higher binding affinity than testosterone for androgen receptors. We hypothesized that polymorphic variations in the SRD5A2 gene may affect the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: We analyzed SRD5A2 gene polymorphisms in 217 BPH patients, 192 PCa cases, and 171 controls. Genotyping was undertaken using direct DNA sequencing. Genotype data were compared between cases and controls using a Chi square statistical tool. Results: We found that the A49T locus was monomorphic with 'AA' genotype in all subjects. At V89L locus, the presence of 'VV' showed a marginally significant correlation with increased BPH risk (p=0.047). At the $(TA)_n$ locus, longer TA repeats were found to be protective against BPH (p=0.003). However, neither of these polymoprhisms correlated with the risk of PCa. Conclusions: We conclude that A49T is monomorphic in the study population, VV marginally correlates with BPH risk, and longer $(TA)_n$ repeats are protective against BPH. None of these polymorphisms affect the risk of PCa.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.849-858
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• 2019

Recent developments in computer graphics technology and image processing technology have increased interest in point cloud technology for inputting real space and object information as three-dimensional data. In particular, point cloud technology can accurately provide spatial information, and has attracted a great deal of interest in the field of autonomous vehicles and AR (Augmented Reality)/VR (Virtual Reality). However, in order to provide users with 3D point cloud contents that require more data than conventional 2D images, various technology developments are required. In order to solve these problems, an international standardization organization, MPEG(Moving Picture Experts Group), is in the process of discussing efficient compression and transmission schemes. In this paper, we provide a region division transfer method of 3D point cloud content through extension of existing MPEG-DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP)-SRD (Spatial Relationship Description) technology, quality parameters are further defined in the signaling message so that the quality parameters can be selectively determined according to the user's request. We also design a verification platform for ROUTE (Real Time Object Delivery Over Unidirectional Transport)/DASH based heterogeneous network environment and use the results to validate the proposed technology.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.467-474
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• 2017

To investigate the intra-rater absolute reliabilities and validity of the Figure of-Eight Walk test (F8WT) in patients with chronic stroke. A total of 36 subjects with chronic stroke participated in this study. The inter-rater reliability of F8WT was calculated using intra-class correlation coefficients($ICC_{2,1}$). Moreover, we used the standard error measurement (SEM) and the small real difference (SRD) to examine the absolute reliability indices. The validity was demonstrated by a spearman correlation of F8WT with Postural Assessment Scale for Storke(PASS) and Trunk Impairment Scale(TIS). The inter-rater reliability of F8WT was excellent; ICC2,1=0.95(0.91~0.97), acceptable SEM=1.02, and SRD=2.82. F8WT were also found to be significantly associated with PASS(r=-0.82) and TIS(r=-0.85). Therefore, F8WT is a reliable measurement tool and is correlated well with stroke-impairments, such as postural and trunk control. F8WT will be a useful tool in evaluating the walking performance of subjects with chronic stroke.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2006

In this paper, Gaussian impulse generator for DS-UWB was proposed and fabricated so that the frequency band allocated to WLAN, around 5 GHz, was suppressed in accordance with the regulation of radiation spectrum limitation defined by FCC. In order to transform an unipolar rectangular signal to a Gaussian impulse, the proposed impulse generator consists of two stage impulse generation parts; the first stage using dual SRD and the second stage using gain switching of semiconductor laser diode. The result shows a gaussian impulse as narrow as 180 psec in width. In addition, high order derivative Gaussian filter with a structure of 4 stage ring resonators was designed and fabricated so that DS-UWB impulse generator could reduce the frequency spectrum of WLAN by 25 dB compared to the spectral power of th adjacent UWB band.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.39-46
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• 2021

Objectives : Mangifera indica leaves are well known for having a variety of benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic vasculosis. However, the effects of Mangifera indica leaves on hair loss inhibition have not been studied. In this study, we investigated to find out the activity of Mangifera indica leaves on hair loss. Methods : 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid(ABTS) analysis was performed to confirm the antioxidant efficacy of the water extract of Mangifera indica leaves (WEML). To examine the effect of WEML on cell viability in dermal papillar (DP) cells, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetra Zolium (MTS) analysis was performed. The changes in the mRNA expression level of the hair loss and hair growth-related genes in dermal papilla cells by WEML treatment were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Results : In dermal papilla (DP) cells, ABTS analysis and MTS analysis of WEML showed antioxidant efficacy and low cytotoxicity. As a result of gene expression analysis through Quantitative RT-PCR, no changes in hair growth-related genes BMP6 and CTNNB1 was confirmed. but inhibitory activity of WEML on hair loss-related genes EGR1, SGK, DKK1, SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 was confirmed. Conclusion : We confirmed that WEML has excellent antioxidant efficacy and a inhibitory activity of hair loss-related genes including 5α-reductase genes. These results suggest that Mangifera indica leaves have a potential activity as a hair loss treatment for hair loss and hair growth. Biochemical or molecular biological research on hair loss is needed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1255-1262
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• 2014

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate any associations between benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the VDR gene (FokI, BsmI, ApaI and Taq${\alpha}$I loci) and the CYP17 gene (MspA1I locus), as well as TA repeat polymorphism in SRD5A2 gene among Lebanese men. Materials and Methods: DNA extracted from blood of 68 subjects with confirmed BPH and 79 age-matched controls was subjected to PCR/PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The odds ra=tio (OR) of having a genotype and the relative risk (RR) of developing BPH for having the genotype were calculated and the alleles were designated risk-bearing or protective. Results: Our data indicated that the A and B alleles of the VDR ApaI and BsmI SNPs were highly associated with increased risk of BPH (p=0.0168 and 0.0002, respectively). Moreover, 63% of the controls compared to 43% of the subjects with BPH were homozygous for none of the risk-bearing alleles (p=0.0123) whereas 60% of the controls and 28% of the subjects with BPH were homozygous for two or more protective alleles (p<0.0001). Conclusions: For the first time, our study demonstrated that ApaI and BsmI of the VDR gene are associated with risk of BPH among Lebanese men. Our study also indicated that overall polymorphism profile of all the genes involved in prostate physiology could be a better predictor of BPH risk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.655-666
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• 2010

Purpose : The examine the reliability and validity of the modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile(mEFAP) for assessing gait function in chronic stroke patients. Methods : A total of 45 stroke patients, who had a stroke more than 6 months, participated in the study. Reliability was determined by Intra-class Correlation Coefficient($ICC_{3,1}$), including Bland and Altman method (Standard Error of Measurement: SEM, Small Real Differences: SRD). Validity was examined by correlating results to the gait ability(mEFAP, Modified Motor Assessment Scale-Gait(MMAS-G), Scandinavian Stroke Scale-Gait(SSS-G), Functional Ambulation Category(FAC), 10m Waking Test(10m WT)), and Fugl Meyer-Lower/Extremity(FM-L/E), Berg Balance Scale(BBS). Results : Inter-rater reliability for the total mEFAP was High($ICC_{2,1}$=.998), and absolute reliability were excellent (SEM: 1.75, SRD: 4.85). Subjects without assistance factor performed better on all tests than did subjects who had stroke. There were significant correlations between the mEFAP and MMAS-G, SSS-G, FAC(r=-.66~-.79), 10 m WT(r=-.86), and FM-L/E, BBS(r=-.72~-.78), indicating good validity. Increased times on the mEFAP correlated with poor performance on the gait ability, motor function of lower extremity, BBS and slow gait speeds on the 10 m WT in stroke patients. Conclusion : The mEFAP can be administered easily and comprehensively. It is a reliable gait assessment tool for patients with stroke and correlated with known of function, the mEFAP may be a clinically useful measure of ambulation.

• 대한임상약리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.12a
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• pp.19-19
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• 2003

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.514-550
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• 1996

There are many theory in acupuncture mechanism, so we must know the detail contents. and then we can use the acupuncture as we know. the follow article will be helpful in this part. 1. Spinal cord are role in intermediate part in somatosensorypathway also in acupuncture stumulating tract 2. Acute pain pathway started in laminae I, V of gray colmn, next are the spinothalamic tract(trigeminal spinothalamic tract in above neck part) and then go to the specific thalamic nucleus. but chronic pain in laminae II, III, VI, VII, next are spinoreticular tract(trigeminal spinoreticular tract in the neck part) and finally to the nonspecific thalamic nucleus. 3. Thalamus is very important area in somatosensory stimuation including acupuncture stumulating sensory also as a pain control center. but except this, there are Hypothalamus, Limbic system Cerebral cortex and Cerebellum as intermediator. as we Know hypothalamus is related to the emotional analgesic system with a limbic system. 4. A ${\delta$ fiber has relationship in Acute, sharp and initial pain, contrary this C fiber is related with Chronic, dull and last pain. 5. In Acupuncture mechanism of pain analgesia, there are two theory, one is gate control theory as large fiber another is stimuation produced analgesia as small diameter fier. 6. In DNIC, the stimulation sources are mechanical, thermal, heating, pain and acupuncture stimulation etc. we call these as a Heterotopic Noxious Stimulation. 7. In DNIC, SRD(Subnucleus reticularis dorsalis)is core nucleus in pain imtermediated analgesic mechanism. 8. Takeshige insisted nonacupuncture point dependent analgesic mechanism and acupuncture point dependent analgesic mechanism. and protested that Stimulation acupuncture piing evoke blocking nomacupuncture point analgesic pathway.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2011

A 10b 500MS/s $0.13{\mu}m$ CMOS ADC is proposed for 4G wireless communication systems such as a LTE-Advanced and SDR The ADC employs a calibration-free single-channel folding architecture for low power consumption and high speed conversion rate. In order to overcome the disadvantage of high folding rate, at the fine 7b ADC, a cascaded folding-interpolating technique is proposed. Further, a folding amplifier with the folded cascode output stage is also discussed in the block of folding bus, to improve the bandwidth limitation and voltage gain by parasitic capacitances. The chip has been fabricated with $0.13{\mu}m$ 1P6M CMOS technology, the effective chip area is $1.5mm^2$. The measured results of INL and DNL are within 2.95LSB and l.24LSB at 10b resolution, respectively. The SNDR is 54.8dB and SFDR is 63.4dBc when the input frequency is 9.27MHz at sampling frequency of 500MHz. The ADC consumes 150mW($300{\mu}W/MS/s$) including peripheral circuits at 500MS/s and 1.2V(1.5V) power supply.